27,208 research outputs found
Swarm optimization for adaptive phase measurements with low visibility
Adaptive feedback normally provides the greatest accuracy for optical phase
measurements. New advances in nitrogen vacancy centre technology have enabled
magnetometry via individual spin measurements, which are similar to optical
phase measurements but with low visibility. The adaptive measurements that
previously worked well with high-visibility optical interferometry break down
and give poor results for nitrogen vacancy centre measurements. We use advanced
search techniques based on swarm optimisation to design better adaptive
measurements that can provide improved measurement accuracy with low-visibility
interferometry, with applications in nitrogen vacancy centre magnetometry.Comment: 8 pages, 7 figures, comments welcom
Analysis of longitudinal pilot-induced oscillation tendencies of YF-12 aircraft
Aircraft flight and ground tests and simulator studies were conducted to explore pilot-induced oscillation tendencies. Linear and nonlinear calculations of the integrated flight control system's characteristics were made to analyze and predict the system's performance and stability. The investigations showed that the small-amplitude PIO tendency was caused by the interaction of the pilot with a combination of the aircraft's short-period poles and the structural first bending mode zeros. It was found that the large-amplitude PIO's were triggered by abrupt corrective control actions by the pilot, which caused the stability augmentation system servo to position and rate limit. The saturation in turn caused additional phase lag, further increasing the tendency of the overall system to sustain a PIO
Stochastic Heisenberg limit: Optimal estimation of a fluctuating phase
The ultimate limits to estimating a fluctuating phase imposed on an optical
beam can be found using the recently derived continuous quantum Cramer-Rao
bound. For Gaussian stationary statistics, and a phase spectrum scaling
asymptotically as 1/omega^p with p>1, the minimum mean-square error in any
(single-time) phase estimate scales as N^{-2(p-1)/(p+1)}, where N is the photon
flux. This gives the usual Heisenberg limit for a constant phase (as the limit
p--> infinity) and provides a stochastic Heisenberg limit for fluctuating
phases. For p=2 (Brownian motion), this limit can be attained by phase
tracking.Comment: 5+4 pages, to appear in Physical Review Letter
Nanoscale magnetometry using a single spin system in diamond
We propose a protocol to estimate magnetic fields using a single
nitrogen-vacancy (N-V) center in diamond, where the estimate precision scales
inversely with time, ~1/T$, rather than the square-root of time. The method is
based on converting the task of magnetometry into phase estimation, performing
quantum phase estimation on a single N-V nuclear spin using either adaptive or
nonadaptive feedback control, and the recently demonstrated capability to
perform single-shot readout within the N-V [P. Neumann et. al., Science 329,
542 (2010)]. We present numerical simulations to show that our method provides
an estimate whose precision scales close to ~1/T (T is the total estimation
time), and moreover will give an unambiguous estimate of the static magnetic
field experienced by the N-V. By combining this protocol with recent proposals
for scanning magnetometry using an N-V, our protocol will provide a significant
decrease in signal acquisition time while providing an unambiguous spatial map
of the magnetic field.Comment: 8 pages and 5 figure
Statistical Properties of Many Particle Eigenfunctions
Wavefunction correlations and density matrices for few or many particles are
derived from the properties of semiclassical energy Green functions. Universal
features of fixed energy (microcanonical) random wavefunction correlation
functions appear which reflect the emergence of the canonical ensemble as the
number of particles approaches infinity. This arises through a little known
asymptotic limit of Bessel functions. Constraints due to symmetries,
boundaries, and collisions between particles can be included.Comment: 13 pages, 4 figure
The quantum Bell-Ziv-Zakai bounds and Heisenberg limits for waveform estimation
We propose quantum versions of the Bell-Ziv-Zakai lower bounds on the error
in multiparameter estimation. As an application we consider measurement of a
time-varying optical phase signal with stationary Gaussian prior statistics and
a power law spectrum , with . With no other
assumptions, we show that the mean-square error has a lower bound scaling as
, where is the time-averaged mean photon
flux. Moreover, we show that this accuracy is achievable by sampling and
interpolation, for any . This bound is thus a rigorous generalization of
the Heisenberg limit, for measurement of a single unknown optical phase, to a
stochastically varying optical phase.Comment: 18 pages, 6 figures, comments welcom
Optimal Heisenberg-style bounds for the average performance of arbitrary phase estimates
The ultimate bound to the accuracy of phase estimates is often assumed to be
given by the Heisenberg limit. Recent work seemed to indicate that this bound
can be violated, yielding measurements with much higher accuracy than was
previously expected. The Heisenberg limit can be restored as a rigorous bound
to the accuracy provided one considers the accuracy averaged over the possible
values of the unknown phase, as we have recently shown [Phys. Rev. A 85,
041802(R) (2012)]. Here we present an expanded proof of this result together
with a number of additional results, including the proof of a previously
conjectured stronger bound in the asymptotic limit. Other measures of the
accuracy are examined, as well as other restrictions on the generator of the
phase shifts. We provide expanded numerical results for the minimum error and
asymptotic expansions. The significance of the results claiming violation of
the Heisenberg limit is assessed, followed by a detailed discussion of the
limitations of the Cramer-Rao bound.Comment: 22 pages, 4 figure
Superconductor-proximity effect in chaotic and integrable billiards
We explore the effects of the proximity to a superconductor on the level
density of a billiard for the two extreme cases that the classical motion in
the billiard is chaotic or integrable. In zero magnetic field and for a uniform
phase in the superconductor, a chaotic billiard has an excitation gap equal to
the Thouless energy. In contrast, an integrable (rectangular or circular)
billiard has a reduced density of states near the Fermi level, but no gap. We
present numerical calculations for both cases in support of our analytical
results. For the chaotic case, we calculate how the gap closes as a function of
magnetic field or phase difference.Comment: 4 pages, RevTeX, 2 Encapsulated Postscript figures. To be published
by Physica Scripta in the proceedings of the "17th Nordic Semiconductor
Meeting", held in Trondheim, June 199
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Sand Penetration By High-Speed Projectiles
Tungsten projectiles were shot into sand at velocities between 600 and 2200 m/s. Penetration was maximum at about 775 m/s. Below that velocity, projectiles were apparently stabilized by a fin set. Above that velocity, projectiles were broken by transverse loads. High-speed penetration resulted in comminution of sand particles, reducing their size by about 1000 times.Mechanical Engineerin
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