Política cultural exterior alemana en España durante la República de Weimar

El enorme desarrollo que la ciencia alemana vivió durante el ultimo tercio del siglo XIX y primeras décadas del siglo XX encuentra en la eficiencia de su aparato organizativo una de sus principales causas. El sistema Althoff y la Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft fueron los resultados más brillantes de una política científica orientada a colocar a Alemania al frente del desarrollo cientifíco europeo.The emergence of a scientific policy in Germany at the end of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century is due to the fact that efficiency of the German scientific burocracy system. The Althoff’s System and the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft were the most significant outcomes of one policy which strove for placing Germany on the top of the European scientific development

Topical formulations of miltefosine for cutaneous leishmaniasis in a BALB/c mouse model.

UNLABELLED: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is caused by several species of the protozoan parasite Leishmania and affects approximately 10 million people worldwide. Currently available drugs are not ideal due to high cost, toxicity, parenteral administration and suboptimal efficacy. Miltefosine is the only oral treatment (Impavido®) available to treat CL, given over a period of 28 days with common side effects such as vomiting and diarrhoea. OBJECTIVE: To explore the local application of miltefosine as a topical formulation to enhance activity and reduce the drug's adverse effects. METHODS: The antileishmanial activity of miltefosine was confirmed in vitro against several Leishmania species. The permeation of miltefosine, in different solvents and solvent combinations, through BALB/c mouse skin was evaluated in vitro using Franz diffusion cells. The topical formulations which enabled the highest drug permeation or skin disposition were tested in vivo in BALB/c mice infected with L. major. KEY FINDINGS: The overall permeation of miltefosine through skin was low regardless of the solvents used. This was reflected in limited antileishmanial activity of the drug formulations when applied topically in vivo. All topical formulations caused skin irritation. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that miltefosine is not an appropriate candidate for the topical treatment of CL

Aerosol Route to Antibacterial Nanosilver Coating of Cotton Fabrics

The paper describes a gas phase process for the preparation of cotton fabrics coated with silver nanoparticles as antimicrobial agents. Silver nanoparticles are synthesized by means of atmospheric pressure electrical discharges (spark discharge and glow discharge) in pure inert gases, and the aerosols are passed through cotton fabric samples, where nanoparticles deposit. The particle size distribution of the aerosols is measured online during synthesis. Also, the cristallinity, size and morphology of the silver particles are analyzed. The mean size of the primary particles of silver varies from 4 nm to 18 nm, depending upon the type of discharge, the nature and flow rate of the gas. The bactericidal activity of the cotton samples doped with silver nanoparticles is assessed following the ISO 20743 method. All cotton samples show significant bactericidal property, although it degrades with increasing primary particle size and particle agglomeration. This purely physical aerosol route is a promising sustainable method for nanocoating of textiles

Die Kaiser-Wilhelm-Bibliothek in Posen

Historia powstania Biblioteki im. Cesarza Wilhelma w Poznaniu na przełomie XIX i XX wieku, oraz opis architektoniczny i funkcjonalny gmachu wznoszonego w gęsto zabudowanym centrum miasta

Diagnosis of kidney damage using novel acute kidney injury biomarkers: assessment of kidney function alone is insufficient

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a syndrome that is associated with a major burden of morbidity and mortality in a variety of high risk patient populations, many of them cared for by intensivists. Following renal transplantation, delayed graft function (DGF) caused by severe acute tubular necrosis (ATN), defined by a requirement for dialysis during the initial post-transplant week, complicates postoperative management, and if prolonged (>14 days), adversely affects allograft survival. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and other novel biomarkers can detect AKI earlier than serum creatinine, and can predict AKI severity in high risk patient populations, including kidney transplant recipients. Hollmen and colleagues now demonstrate that elevated urine NGAL in deceased kidney donors is a significant risk factor for prolonged post-transplant DGF in recipients. These findings have clear implications with regard to potentially improved assessment of deceased donor suitability for potential renal allograft donation. These findings are also consistent with the growing evidence that severe ATN diagnosed by markedly elevated levels of AKI biomarkers is a useful predictor of the requirement for acute renal replacement therapy in AKI patients