Prevalence of Cannabis Lifetime Use in Iranian High School and College Students: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analyses,and Meta-Regression

Cannabis is the most widely used substance in the world. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of cannabis lifetime use (CLU) in high school and college students of Iran and also to determine factors related to changes in prevalence. A systematic review of literature on cannabis use in Iran was conducted according to MOOSE guideline. Domestic scientific databases, PubMed/Medline, ISI Web of Knowledge, and Google Scholar, relevant reference lists, and relevant journals were searched up to April, 2014. Prevalences were calculated using the variance stabilizing double arcsine transformation and confidence intervals (CIs) estimated using the Wilson method. Heterogeneity was assessed by Cochran's Q statistic and I-2 index and causes of heterogeneity were evaluated using meta-regression model. In electronic database search, 4,000 citations were retrieved, producing a total of 33 studies. CLU was reported with a random effects pooled prevalence of 4.0 (95 CI = 3.0 to 5.0). In subgroups of high school and college students, prevalences were 5.0 (95 CI = 3.0 to -7.0) and 2.0 (95 CI = 2.0 to -3.0), respectively. Meta-regression model indicated that prevalence is higher in college students (beta = 0.089, p < .001), male gender (beta = 0.017, p < .001), and is lower in studies with sampling versus census studies (beta = -0.096, p < .001). This study reported that prevalence of CLU in Iranian students are lower than industrialized countries. In addition, gender, level of education, and methods of sampling are highly associated with changes in the prevalence of CLU across provinces

Prevalence of cigarette smoking and associated factors among male citizens in Tehran, Iran

Background: Cigarette smoking is as the leading cause of cancer mortality and other chronic diseases in males worldwide. The prevalence of cigarette smoking is different across and within countries by age, education level, occupation, and so on. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of cigarette smoking and its relationship with individuals' demographic factors and BMI in adolescent men living in Tehran, Iran. Materials and Methods: This study involved secondary analysis of the 'Urban Health Equity Assessment and Response Tool-2' survey conducted in Tehran, Iran, among men aged 20+, 2011-2012. Using a multistage sampling method, 45,990 men were included in the study. The cigarette smoking status, BMI and demographic factors measured through a self-administered questionnaire. Chi-square, t-test, and logistic regression model were used to examine the relationships between the independents variables and cigarette smoking behavior, using SPSS software version 21. Results: In the total of 45,990 men, the overall prevalence of cigarette smoking was 14.6 (CI 95: 14.29-14.94). Age (OR=0.96; CI 95:0.94-0.98), house ownership (OR=0.68; CI 95: 0.64-0.72), job status (OR=0.60; CI 95: 0.46-0.86), marital status (OR=0.42; CI 95: 0.39-0.47) and educational levels (OR=0.50; CI95: 0.45-0.54) were associated with the prevalence of cigarette smoking. However, associations with BMI, family size, residency years, and district were not statistically significant. Conclusions: Given the relatively high prevalence of cigarette smoking in the study population, policy interventions are required to address this major public health issue, with a focus on the population demographic influences

Psychometric Properties of a Screening Instrument for Domestic Violence in a Sample of Iranian Women

Background: Domestic violence against women is regarded as an important health problem among women and a serious concern in issues related to human rights. To date, a few screening tools for domestic violence exist for Iranian married women, but they assess only some of the domestic violence components. Objectives: The present study aimed to design and determine the validity and reliability of a screening instrument for domestic violence in a sample of Iranian women. Materials and Methods: The present study was a cross-sectional psychometric evaluation conducted on 350 married women in Ilam, Iran, in 2014. The samples were selected through multistage sampling and the main method was cluster sampling. A 20-item, self-administered questionnaire was validated by exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). An Eigen value > and a loading factor > 0.3 for each component were considered as indices for extracting domestic violence components. Reliability was calculated by test-retest and Cronbach's alpha. Also, the content validity index (CVI) and content validity ratio (CVR) were used to measure content validity. The data were analyzed using SPSS-13 and LISREL 8.8 software programs. Results: The self-administered instalment was completed by 334 women. The CFA and EFA methods confirmed embedding items and the three-factor structure of the instrument including psychological, physical, and sexual violence, which explained 66 of the total variance of the domestic violence. The ICC and Cronbach's alpha coefficients were > 0.7 for the components of the questionnaire. The test-retest also revealed strong correlations for each of the domestic violence components (r > 0.6). Conclusions: The used instrument for measuring domestic violence had desirable validity and reliability and can be used as a suitable instalment in health and social researches in the local population

Determination of opium abuse prevalence in Iranian young people: a systematic review and meta-analysis

The Islamic Republic of Iran located on the largest transit routes for opiates smuggled in the world and opium is the most common drug of choice in this country. A meta-analysis study was conducted to estimate the opium abuse prevalence for Iranian young people. The meta analysis was designed according to MOOSE guideline for review of observational studies. Factors related to heterogeneity of prevalence in national level was assessed using meta regression multivariate model. The PubMed/Medline, ISI/Web of Science, and Scopus/Elsevier databases and reference lists of eligible articles were searched. A total of 52,173 samples were included in analysis (32,116 college students and 20,057 high school students). The pooled prevalence of opium abuse in male, female, and mixed was 6.0 (95 CI = 5.0-7.0), 2.0 (95 CI = 1.0-2.0), and 4.0 (95 CI = 3.0-5.0), respectively. Meta-regression model found that prevalence was significantly higher in older students, and in studies with multistage sampling, and was lower in newer conducted studies. The prevalence of opium abuse in Iranian youth students is higher than for other countries as well as sampling methods, and the level of education and age is in association with variation in prevalence across provinces. Declining prevalence among male students during past 30 years is notable

Examination of prevalence of domestic violence and related factors among women in Ilam city

domestic violence is one of social problems in some families imposed on women by men. Domestic violence as a social issue and medical problems can seriously threat societal health and structure. Although, domestic violence is common in all communities, in poorer and more traditional societies with lower socioeconomic status it shows greater prevalence and severity. The present research aims at study of domestic violence and some related factors among women in Ilam city in 2011. This research is a type of descriptive-analytical study with multistage stratified sampling method. That is, on map city Ilam was divided into three graphically upper, central and lower regions. Then, randomly some streets and were selected then a family was randomly selected from among these streets and alleys. After, other families were regularly entered the study. The standardized questionnaires of domestic violennce besides interview were research instrument for collecting the data. The data analysis indicate that overall prevalence of violence is 56, 196 subjects out of 350. Also, mental-psychological violence with 60 , physical violence 2.30 and sexual valance 4.24 were the most common forms of violence respectively. Considering other variables, a statistically meaningful relationship was observed between women's education (p<0.003), marriage age (p<0.02), number of children(p<0.03), women's job(p<0.01), husband's education (p<0.04)and husband's commitment to moral principles(p<0.01) and prevalence of violence. Domestic violence against women in Ilam is highly prevalent and several different factors affect on it, therefore, serious actions must be performed in order to prevent negative social consequences of domestic violence

Path Analysis of Depression and Quality Of Life Among Nurses

Background: Broad range of nursing activities and its interdisciplinary nature have caused work stress and mood changes such as depression and other mental illnesses among nurses. Patients' health and safety are directly related to work setting and the treatment of health care team. Objectives: The present study aimed at examining depression-related factors as well as quality of life among nurses working in Ilam hospitals. Patients and Methods: This research is a cross-sectional study, which was conducted on all the nurses working in hospitals of Liam during 2013. Collection of the studydata was accomplished by using Beckdepression inventory( BDI)and SF-12 questionnaires.Then, we used path analysis, a technique applied to test casual models. To conduct the path analysis of depression and quality of life, at first a preliminary casual mode was developed and then the final model of depression and quality of life was identified using multiple regression analysis. Results: According to the final model yielded from path analysis, the most important factors contributing to depression are mental component of quality of life, marital status, night shifts, age, physical component of quality of life, and overtime which their direct effects on nurses depression are stronger than their indirect effects (through mental and physical components). Conclsions: Based on the study results, making plans to promote mental aspect of nurses, focusing on family foundations like marriage, reducing and distributing working hours, and decreasing night shifts hours of nurses could reduce their depression and improve their quality of life

Factors contributing to addiction recurrence with emphasizing on the role of social factors: A study in Rehabilitation Centers of Ilam, in west of Iran

Background: High prevalence of addiction recurrence shows that therapeutic method of addiction has not been recognized and it demands more researches in this field. Social factors could be one of the main elements that influence recurrences of drug consumption. This study was conducted to assess the role of social factors in maintaining drug abstinence after treatment. Material and method: In this cross sectional study, we studied 318 subjects that were treated in in Rehabilitation Centers of Ilam by multi stage sampling method in 2019. The social support and social capital questionnaires were used to determine the roles of social factors in addiction recurrence. The data was analyzed by SPSS software using logistic regression and survival analysis including Kaplan-Meier and life table methods. Results: The mean age of the participants was 34.25 +/- 9.13 years. The mean and median times of addiction recurrence were 35.45 +/- 2.53 and 20 +/- 2.62 months after drug withdrawal, respectively. In addition, the social capital components, age, education, marital status, occupation, the type of rehabilitation center, the type of drug, cigarette smoking, methadone use, and the history of previous quitting attempts were significantly associated with addiction recurrence. Conclusion: According to the results, no single factor can effectively predict addiction recurrence. Instead, a multi factorial approach incorporating individual, familiar, social, and cultural factors as lack of social capital in various levels is suggested to predict the risk of addiction recurrence

Health-Related Quality of Life and Socioeconomic Status: Inequalities among Adults in West of Iran

Background: Socioeconomic status (SES) is one of the main determinants of health-related quality of life (HRQoL), where people with lower SES experience more health problems, have a lower quality of life, and are exposed to have a greater number of health-related risk factors. Objectives: This study aimed to examine the relationships between HRQoL, SES, and several demographic factors among the residents of the city of Ilam (located at theWest of Iran). Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted on 400 households from 3 districts of the city of Ilam in 2015. The participants were selected on the basis of the multistage sampling method. The second version of the 12-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12v2) questionnaire and theWealth Index were used to measure HRQoL and SES, respectively. Results: The mean scores of the physical component summary (PCS) and the mental component summary (MCS) were 46.32 +/- 9.69 and 42.12 +/- 9.11, respectively. The findings indicated that PCS (P = 0.01) and MCS (P = 0.01) were significantly related to SES (wealth index). The demographic variables of age, gender, education level, marital status, job status, and home ownership (P < 0.05) were also significantly related to both PCS and MCS. Conclusions: HRQoL is directly related to SES, in that HRQoL is higher in families with higher SES. Similarly, HRQL is higher in younger people, men, and those with a university degree. A decrease in socio-economic inequalities and the gap between the rich and the poor can enhance the individuals' health status and HRQoL within a community

Patients' aggressive behavior towards female nurses and lack of reporting event in Ilam hospitals at 2012

Background and aims: Workplace violence against female nurses is a significant and increasing problem. In most of cases, female nurses do not report violent events. The aims of current research were to investigate workplace violence against female nurses in three general hospitals of Ilam, Iran in 2012 and identify their reactions when facing with violent events. Methods: This study is a descriptive research to investigate prevalence of workplace violence against female nurses. The required information was obtained using an author-made questionnaire that was distributed among 53 nurses. SPSS software was used for data analysis. Results: Among the samples, 90.6 and 15.1 of participants had faced with verbal and physical assaults of patients during last year, respectively. Moreover, respectively 92.5 and 11.3 of nurses had experienced verbal and physical assaults of patients' companions. Remarkably, most of nursing staff believed that reporting aggressive evident is not useful at all. A significant correlation was found between physical assaults of patients against age of nurses. In addition, a relationship between verbal violence of patients versus marriage status of nurses was observed (p< 0.05). Conclusion: A large rate of aggressive incidents was observed against female nurses, in present study. In this regards, increasing number of security guards can significantly reduce existing violence. Also, recording aggressive events and legally pursuing the people who committed violence are essential. © 2015, Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services. All rights reserved