5,899 research outputs found
Parent-only interventions in the treatment of childhood obesity: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials
Background An effective and cost-effective treatment is required for the treatment of childhood obesity. Comparing parent-only interventions with interventions including the child may help determine this. Methods A systematic review of published and ongoing studies until 2013, using electronic database and manual searches. Inclusion criteria: randomized controlled trials, overweight/obese children aged 5-12 years, parent-only intervention compared with an intervention that included the child, 6 months or more follow-up. Outcomes included measures of overweight. Results Ten papers from 6 completed studies, and 2 protocols for ongoing studies, were identified. Parent-only groups are either more effective than or similarly effective as child-only or parent-child interventions, in the change in degree of overweight. Most studies were at unclear risk of bias for randomization, allocation concealment and blinding of outcome assessors. Two trials were at high risk of bias for incomplete outcome data. Four studies showed higher dropout from parent-only interventions. One study examined programme costs and found parent-only interventions to be cheaper. Conclusions Parent-only interventions appear to be as effective as parent-child interventions in the treatment of childhood overweight/obesity, and may be less expensive. Reasons for higher attrition rates in parent-only interventions need further investigatio
Dissociative Autoionization in (1+2)-photon Above Threshold Excitation of H2 Molecules
We have theoretically studied the effect of dissociative autoionization on
the photoelectron energy spectrum in (1+2)-photon above threshold
ionization(ATI) of H2 molecules. We have considered excitation from the ground
state X-singlet-Sigma-g+(v=0,j) to the doubly excited autoionizing states of
singlet-Sigma-u+ and singlet-Pi-u+ symmetry, via the intermediate resonant
B-singlet-Sigma-u+(v=5,j) states. We have shown that the photoelectron energy
spectrum is oscillatory in nature and shows three distinct peaks above the
photoelectron energy 0.7 eV. This feature has been observed in a recent
experiment by Rottke et al, J. Phys. B, Vol. 30, p-4049 (1997).Comment: 11 pages and 4 figure
An active-architecture approach to COTS integration
Commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) software products are increasingly used as standard components within integrated information systems. This creates challenges since both their developers and source code are not usually available, and the ongoing development of COTS cannot be predicted. The ArchWare Framework approach recognises COTS products as part of the ambient environment of an information system and therefore an important part of development is incorporating COTS as effective system components. This integration of COTS components, and the composition of components, is captured by an active architecture model which changes as the system evolves. Indeed the architecture modelling language used enables it to express the monitoring and evolution of a system. This active architecture model is structured using control system principles. By modelling both integration and evolution it can guide the systemâs response to both predicted and emergent changes that arise from the use of COTS products.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe
The Molecular Line Opacity of MgH in Cool Stellar Atmospheres
A new, complete, theoretical rotational and vibrational line list for the A-X
electronic transition in MgH is presented. The list includes transition
energies and oscillator strengths for all possible allowed transitions and was
computed using the best available theoretical potential energies and dipole
transition moment function with the former adjusted to account for experimental
data. The A-X line list, as well as new line lists for the B'-X and the X-X
(pure rovibrational) transitions, were included in comprehensive stellar
atmosphere models for M, L, and T dwarfs and solar-type stars. The resulting
spectra, when compared to models lacking MgH, show that MgH provides
significant opacity in the visible between 4400 and 5600 Angstrom. Further,
comparison of the spectra obtained with the current line list to spectra
obtained using the line list constructed by Kurucz (1993) show that the Kurucz
list significantly overestimates the opacity due to MgH particularly for the
bands near 5150 and 4800 Angstrom with the discrepancy increasing with
decreasing effective temperature.Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures, 3 table
Diffusive transport in networks built of containers and tubes
We developed analytical and numerical methods to study a transport of
non-interacting particles in large networks consisting of M d-dimensional
containers C_1,...,C_M with radii R_i linked together by tubes of length l_{ij}
and radii a_{ij} where i,j=1,2,...,M. Tubes may join directly with each other
forming junctions. It is possible that some links are absent. Instead of
solving the diffusion equation for the full problem we formulated an approach
that is computationally more efficient. We derived a set of rate equations that
govern the time dependence of the number of particles in each container
N_1(t),N_2(t),...,N_M(t). In such a way the complicated transport problem is
reduced to a set of M first order integro-differential equations in time, which
can be solved efficiently by the algorithm presented here. The workings of the
method have been demonstrated on a couple of examples: networks involving
three, four and seven containers, and one network with a three-point junction.
Already simple networks with relatively few containers exhibit interesting
transport behavior. For example, we showed that it is possible to adjust the
geometry of the networks so that the particle concentration varies in time in a
wave-like manner. Such behavior deviates from simple exponential growth and
decay occurring in the two container system.Comment: 21 pages, 18 figures, REVTEX4; new figure added, reduced emphasis on
graph theory, additional discussion added (computational cost, one
dimensional tubes
Absorption spectrum in the wings of the potassium second resonance doublet broadened by helium
We have measured the reduced absorption coefficients occurring in the wings
of the potassium 4S-5P doublet lines at 404.414 nm and at 404.720 nm broadened
by helium gas at pressures of several hundred Torr. At the experimental
temperature of 900 K, we have detected a shoulder-like broadening feature on
the blue wing of the doublet which is relatively flat between 401.8 nm and
402.8 nm and which drops off rapidly for shorter wavelengths, corresponding to
absorption from the X doublet Sigma+ state to the C doublet Sigma+ state of the
K-He quasimolecule. The accurate measurements of the line profiles in the
present work will sharply constrain future calculations of potential energy
surfaces and transition dipole moments correlating to the asymptotes He-K(5p),
He-K(5s), and He-K(3d).Comment: 2 figure
Working with Children with Learning Disabilities and/or who Communicate Non-verbally: Research experiences and their implications for social work education, increased participation and social inclusion
Social exclusion, although much debated in the UK, frequently focuses on children as a key 'at risk' group. However, some groups, such as disabled children, receive less consideration. Similarly, despite both UK and international policy and guidance encouraging the involvement of disabled children and their right to participate in decision-making arenas, they are frequently denied this right. UK based evidence suggests that disabled children's participation lags behind that of their non-disabled peers, often due to social work practitioners' lack of skills, expertise and knowledge on how to facilitate participation. The exclusion of disabled children from decision-making in social care processes echoes their exclusion from participation in society. This paper seeks to begin to address this situation, and to provide some examples of tools that social work educators can introduce into pre- and post-qualifying training programmes, as well as in-service training. The paper draws on the experiences of researchers using non-traditional qualitative research methods, especially non-verbal methods, and describes two research projects, focusing on the methods employed to communicate with and involve disabled children, the barriers encountered and lessons learnt. Some of the ways in which these methods of communication can inform social work education are explored alongside wider issues of how and if increased communication can facilitate greater social inclusion
Domain Dynamics of Magnetic Films with Perpendicular Anisotropy
We study the magnetic properties of nanoscale magnetic films with large
perpendicular anisotropy comparing polarization microscopy measurements on
Co_28Pt_72 alloy samples based on the magneto-optical Kerr effect with Monte
Carlo simulations of a corresponding micromagnetic model. We focus on the
understanding of the dynamics especially the temperature and field dependence
of the magnetisation reversal process. The experimental and simulational
results for hysteresis, the reversal mechanism, domain configurations during
the reversal, and the time dependence of the magnetisation are in very good
qualitative agreement. The results for the field and temperature dependence of
the domain wall velocity suggest that for thin films the hysteresis can be
described as a depinning transition of the domain walls rounded by thermal
activation for finite temperatures.Comment: 7 pages Latex, Postscript figures included, accepted for publication
in Phys.Rev.B, also availible at:
http://www.thp.Uni-Duisburg.DE/Publikationen/Publist_Us_R.htm
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