Vegetation diversity on coal mine spoil heaps-how important is the texture of the soil substrate?

© 2019, The Author(s). The relationship between the size of the particle fractions of the soil substrate and the diversity of the spontaneously developing vegetation was investigated on coal mine spoil heaps in Upper Silesia (Southern Poland). The analyses were based on 2567 research plots of developed spontaneous vegetation and their associated soil substrate samples collected from 112 coal mine spoil heaps. For each research plot the prevailing particle size fraction was determined (stones, gravel, sand, silt), the species composition and abundance was recorded and the species richness (S), Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H′), Simpson (C) and Evenness (E) indices were used to determine species diversity. From a total of 119 research plots (in all particle size fraction categories), the values of 15 physicochemical properties (pH, electrical conductivity, water holding capacity, moisture, carbon content, total N, available P, Mg and exchange cations Ca, Mg, K, Na, fine particles (%), gravel (%), stone (%)) were obtained to asses their impact on the floristic composition of vegetation patches using Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). Additionally, functional traits of the dominant species of each vegetation patch (life forms, life strategies and socio-ecological groups), were selected to analyse their relation to substrate texture. It was shown that the highest species richness and the highest values for Shannon-Wiener diversity index, as well as Simpson and Evenness indices, were obtained in plots formed on stones. Moreover, the greatest variation in the participation of species representing different habitats, life forms, and life strategies was found on gravelly substrates. Contrary to our expectations, the vegetation diversity (in terms of both species and their functional traits) was not highest in habitats with a high composition of fine size particles.Published versio

The role of plants and soil properties in the enzyme activities of substrates on hard coal mine spoil heaps

© 2021 The Authors. Published by Springer. This is an open access article available under a Creative Commons licence. The published version can be accessed at the following link on the publisher’s website: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-84673-0Knowledge about biotic (plant species diversity, biomass) and/or abiotic (physicochemical substrate parameters) factors that determine enzyme activity and functional diversity of the substrate on hard coal spoil heaps is limited. Spontaneously developed vegetation patches dominated by herbaceous species commonly occurring on these spoil heaps: grasses (Poa compressa, Calamagrostis epigejos) and forbs (Daucus carota, Tussilago farfara), were examined. The activity of dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase was twice as high in plots dominated by grass species compared with those dominated by forbs. Significant positive correlations were found between the activity of dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase with pH, available P, soil moisture, and water holding capacity and negative correlations between the activity of urease and soil organic carbon. Strong positive correlations were found between values for Shannon–Wiener diversity index, evenness, species richness and soil functional diversity in plots dominated by grasses. We found that the soil physicochemical parameters had a greater impact on enzyme activity of the substrate than plant biomass and species diversity. However, grasses, through their extensive root system, more effectively increased enzyme activity and health of the substrate than other herbaceous species, and as they stabilize the substrate and form dense plant cover, they can be recommended for reclamation purposes.This study was funded by the InfoRevita project (TANGO1/268600/ NCBR/2015) financed by The National Centre for Research and Development in Poland.Accepted versio

Frequently asked questions about chlorophyll fluorescence, the sequel

[EN] Using chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence many aspects of the photosynthetic apparatus can be studied, both in vitro and, noninvasively, in vivo. Complementary techniques can help to interpret changes in the Chl a fluorescence kinetics. Kalaji et al. (Photosynth Res 122: 121-158, 2014a) addressed several questions about instruments, methods and applications based on Chl a fluorescence. Here, additionalChl a fluorescence-related topics are discussed again in a question and answer format. Examples are the effect of connectivity on photochemical quenching, the correction of F-V/F-M values for PSI fluorescence, the energy partitioning concept, the interpretation of the complementary area, probing the donor side of PSII, the assignment of bands of 77 K fluorescence emission spectra to fluorescence emitters, the relationship between prompt and delayed fluorescence, potential problems when sampling tree canopies, the use of fluorescence parameters in QTL studies, the use of Chl a fluorescence in biosensor applications and the application of neural network approaches for the analysis of fluorescence measurements. The answers draw on knowledge fromdifferent Chl a fluorescence analysis domains, yielding in several cases new insights.Kalaji, H.; Schansker, G.; Brestic, M.; Bussotti, F.; Calatayud, A.; Ferroni, L.; Goltsev, V.... (2017). Frequently asked questions about chlorophyll fluorescence, the sequel. 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The situation of persons with disabilities on Poland’s labor market and its determinants

Celem artykułu jest dokonanie analizy sytuacji osób z niepełnosprawnościami na polskim rynku pracy oraz identyfikacja kluczowych czynników determinujących tę sytuację. Analiza prowadzona jest w dwóch aspektach: prawnym (stan przepisów prawnych, regulujących status osób z niepełnosprawnościami na polskim rynku pracy w dniu 31 marca 2018 r.) oraz empirycznym (wartości wskaźników, mogących służyć opisowi sytuacji osób z niepełnosprawnościami na polskim rynku pracy w okresie 2007-2017). Analiza koncentruje się na populacji osób posiadających orzeczenie o niepełnosprawności do celów związanych z zatrudnieniem, gdyż tylko takie osoby są uprawnione do specjalnego traktowania na polskim rynku pracy.This article analyses the situation of persons with disabilities on Poland's labor market and identifies key factors which determine this situation. The analysis considers two aspects: legal (legislation regulating the status of persons with disabilities on Poland's labor market as of March 31,2018) and empirical (values of indicators, which could be used to describe the situation of persons with disabilities on Polish labor market in 2007-2017). The analysis focuses on the population of persons with an employment-related disability certificate, since only such persons are entitled to special treatment on Polish labor market

Bogactwo i zróżnicowanie gatunkowe oraz dostępność propagul grzybów arbuskularnych w monokulturach pięciu roślin leczniczych

The presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomeromycota, AMF) in soils may be crucial for sustainable agriculture. Although AMF impact on the performance and accumulation of therapeutic compounds of several medicinal plant species has been well documented, the investigations on the influence of medicinal plants being cultivated on AMF have been insufficiently studied. The effect of three-year monocultures of mycorrhizal (Hypericum perforatum, Levisticum officinale, Mentha × citrata subsp. citrata and Thymus vulgaris) and non-mycorrhizal (Chelidonium majus) medicinal plant species on AMF propagule abundance, species richness and composition was therefore examined. The AMF non-host plant species C. majus decreased the abundance of AMF propagules in the soil, whereas the mycorrhizal plants maintained the AMF propagule potential at the same level, however, they changed the composition of AMF species. The results showed that the choice of medicinal plant species, grown even for a relatively short period of time in a monoculture, can substantially alter the AMF potential of soils which in turn can influence the performance of other medicinal plants cultivated subsequently.Obecność symbiotycznych grzybów arbuskularnych (Glomeromycota) w glebach może być istotna dla zrównoważonego rolnictwa. Chociaż wpływ tych mikroorganizmów na witalność i produkcję metabolitów wtórnych przez rośliny lecznicze był badany w ostatnich latach, niewiele wiadomo na temat oddziaływania uprawianych roślin leczniczych na te grzyby. Celem pracy było więc określenie wpływu trzyletniej uprawy mikoryzowych (Hypericum perforatum, Levisticum officinale, Mentha × citrata subsp. citrata i Thymus vulgaris) i niemikoryzowych (Chelidonium majus) gatunków roślin leczniczych na liczbę propagul, bogactwo oraz zróżnicowanie gatunkowe grzybów arbuskularnych. Uprawa C. majus spowodowała spadek liczby propagul tych mikroorganizmów w glebie. W przypadku roślin mikoryzowych dostępność propagul utrzymywała się na podobnym poziomie. Uprawiane rośliny miały jednak wpływ na skład gatunkowy grzybów arbuskularnych. Uprawa badanych roślin leczniczych na danym terenie, nawet przez stosunkowo krótki czas, wpływa na zmianę składu gatunkowego i dostępność propagul grzybów arbuskularnych w glebie, co w konsekwencji może mieć wpływ na witalność roślin leczniczych, zależnych od symbiozy mikoryzowej, uprawianych w przyszłości na tym terenie

Arbuscular mycorrhiza and fungal root endophytes of weeds in an altitudinal gradient in the Pamir Alai Mountains of Central Asia

<p>Arbuscular mycorrhiza and fungal root endophytes of three weeds, <i>Galium tricornutum</i>, <i>Lycopsis orientalis</i> and <i>Scandix pecten-veneris</i>, were studied in an altitudinal gradient of the Pamir Alai Mountains. Colonisation by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) was found in all species. Only in the case of <i>G. tricornutum</i> was there a rise in mycorrhizal parameters values found for the medium altitude range. Similar tendencies were observed in the case of the AMF colonisation potential assessment. This suggests that plant species' identity, dependency on symbiosis and interactions with soil properties determine root colonisation and the abundance of AMF in soils at the elevations in question. Four AMF species, <i>Claroideoglomus claroideum</i>, <i>Funneliformis mosseae</i>, <i>Scutellospora dipurpurescens</i> and <i>Septoglomus constrictum</i>, were isolated from trap cultures established on soil taken from under the weeds. Dark septate endophytes (DSE) accompanied the AMF in the roots of <i>G. tricornutum</i> and <i>S. pecten-veneris</i>; however, they were neither frequently occurring nor abundant. The sporangia of <i>Olpidium</i> spp. were observed with low frequency occurrence in <i>G. tricornutum</i> and <i>S. pecten-veneris</i> and more often in the roots of <i>L</i>. <i>orientalis</i>. However, in both cases, they were low in abundance. No differences were found for the presence of DSE and <i>Olpidium</i> in the altitudinal gradient.</p