The intrusive growth of initial cells in re-arangement of cells in cambium of Tilia Cordata Mill.

In the cambium of linden producing wood with short period o f grain inclination change (2-4 years), the intensive reorientation o f cells takes place. This is possible mainly through an intrusive growth o f cell ends from one radial file entering space between tangential walls o f neighboring file and through unequal periclinal divisions that occur in the ..initial surface” . The intrusive growth is located on the longitudinal edge o f a fusiform cell close to the end, and causes deviation of cell ends in a neighbouring file from the initial surface. Unequal periclinal division divides a cell with a deviated end into two derivatives, unequal in size. The one o f them, which inherits the deviated end. leaves the initial surface becoming a xylem or phloem mother cell. This means that the old end is eliminated. The intensity o f intrusive growth and unequal periclinal divisions is decisive for the velocity of cambial cell reorientation. The oriented intrusive growth occurs only in the initial cells. For that reason, changes in cell-ends position do not occur within one packet o f cells but are distinct between neighbouring packets

Time : variable frequency of events in domains of Tilia cambium

In the cambium of !inden, producing xylem with interlocked grain, domains active, as regards the occurrence of eveńts, and inactive ones can be distinguished. The area of the cambium investigated was an assemblage of small domains among which at certain periods domains Z, and, at another .period, domains S were active. The inclination of the grain was changin·g in the 'airection corresponding to the type of the active domains. Altemative occ4rrence of periods of activity of Z and S domains led to the formation of interlocked grain in the xylem, with a much longer wave than the height of a pair domains

Comparative Education of Wiktor Rabczuk (1931–2020): From the Study of Education in African Countries to European Education

Wiktor Rabczuk was a well-known and respected researcher in Polish comparative education. A specialist in comparative research in the field of educational systems of African countries and Western European countries and a promoter of the “European dimension in education” in Polish schools, Rabczuk emerged from the field of comparative education, which was initially established by Bogdan Nawroczyński. Nawroczyński’s contributions in this field were subsequently continued by his student, Anna Mońka-Stanikowa. It was under her supervision that Rabczuk wrote and defended his doctoral thesis in comparative education. Like Mońka-Stanikowa, Rabczuk researched education in Western European countries, becoming an expert on private education and the educational policy of the European Union. This article aims to introduce Professor Wiktor Rabczuk and present his contribution to the development of Polish comparative education, especially during the period of Poland’s accession to the European Union. Although Rabczuk’s publications, which depict the challenges of education in European countries, remain essential for readers interested in these issues under analysis, no comprehensive study has been conducted on his achievements and scientific profile (apart from short biographies in the dictionaries of educators). The first part of this article presents an overview of Rabczuk’s biography, which is crucial to understanding the development of his research interests. The next part of the article presents Rabczuk’s achievements in the field of comparative education. A combination of content analysis of Rabczuk’s publications and an assessment of archival records have been presented in this article. The collected research material presents Rabczuk as the leading educational comparativist in Poland during the late 20th and early 21st centuries

The Democratic Paradox Revisited - how liberal constitutionalism supports democratic equality

The purpose of this article is to attempt to answer the question whether the combination of liberal constitutionalism and democracy is accidental, or whether it is possible to observe an important connection between the two elements. In the first part I discuss the so-called democratic paradox resulting from the tension between the principle of democratic self-determination and liberal limitations connected with the rule of law and the guarantees of the rights of an individual. Indeed, modern democracy is a mixed system consisting of democratic procedures contained in the constitutional framework of the representative system. Part two of the article deals with the tension between radically understood democracy and constitutionalism. From the point of view of democracy as such, any – also constitutional – limitation of the democratic will is seen as undemocratic. Is constitutionalism therefore irreconcilable with democracy? In the third part I point to such an understanding of constitutional liberalism as emphasises the role of civil rights as constitutive elements of the democratic system. In this approach, liberal constitutionalism is a form of reinforcement of civic subjectivity. Liberal constitutional rights are to facilitate democratic participation and the protection of pluralism. Thus, an affirmation of pluralism leads to perceiving liberal constitutionalism as being closely related to democracy

Autonomia jako „constitutional essentials” - interpretacja Kantowska i polski Trybunał Konstytucyjny

The thesis of the article is the claim that the democratic constitution should contain elements that are relatively constant, necessary to preserve its identity. As an example of such an element, I point to the principle of autonomy contained implicitly in Article 30 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, which I interpret from the perspective of Kant's theory. In this approach, the principle of autonomy is a kind of "fundamental constitutional essentials", and thus defines the importance of two types of "constitutional essentials": (a) the political system and the legislative process, and (b) the constitutional system of rights. Kant's interpretation of this principle emphasizes its importance not only in the shade to the content of sub-constitutional legal norms (prohibition of instrumentalization), but also the form of their establishment (duty of justification). Violation of constitutional legislative procedures would also be violation the principle of political autonomy of citizens. Tezą artykułu jest twierdzenie, że demokratyczna konstytucja powinna zawierać elementy względnie stałe znaczeniowo, niezbędne dla zachowania jej tożsamości. Jako przykład takiego elementu wskazuję zasadę autonomii zawartą implicite w artykule 30 Konstytucji Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej, który intepretuję z perspektywy teorii Kantowskiej. W takim ujęciu zasada autonomii stanowi swoiste „fundamentalne constitutional essentials”, a więc określa znaczenie dwóch rodzajów “constitutional essentials”: (a) politycznego ustroju i procesu prawodawczego oraz (b) systemu konstytucyjnych praw. Kantowska interpretacja zasady autonomii podkreśla jej wagę nie tylko w odcieniu do treści pod-konstytucyjnych norm prawnych (zakaz instrumentalizacji), ale też formy ich ustanowienia (nakaz uzasadnienia). Naruszenie konstytucyjnych procedur prawodawczych stanowiłoby w takim razie naruszenie zasady autonomii politycznej obywateli

Rhetoric - martial art or the art of winning the soul by discourse? : language of politicians vs. ethos, pathos and logos

"All men [...] up to a certain point, endeavour to criticise or uphold an argument, to defend themselves or to accuse" (Aristotle, 1959: 3). Hence politicians cannot do otherwise and "rhetoric as a technique of argument [...] rather than of ornamentation", one of the oldest surviving disciplines (Dixon, 1971: 14), whose insights and rules still possess the capacity to adjust to the ideological and social change (Cockcroft and Cockcroft, 2005: 3), is to forward the achievement of the goals politicians work towards. In this study an attempt is made to depict the persuasive dialogue in the functional language, i.e. the language of politicians in the Polish political arena. Prior to that, structuring the content of the article, a theoretical background and methodology are proposed based on "The Art of Rhetoric" by Aristotle (1959). Three kinds of proofs, means of persuasion or structural principles by virtue of which the goal is attained, i.e. ethos, pathos and logos, are addressed. In the part to follow we will analyse several models of arguments which prevail in the political speeches as well as various means of rendering ethos and pathos

Chapter 1 The foundations of the digital economy

The unprecedented Covid-19 crisis revealed the scale and scope of a new type of economy taking shape in front of our very eyes: the digital economy. This book presents a concise theoretical and conceptual framework for a more nuanced analysis of the economic and sociological impacts of the technological disruption that is taking place in the markets of goods and services, labour markets, and the global economy more generally. This interdisciplinary work is a must for researchers and students from economics, business, and other social science majors who seek an overview of the main digital economy concepts and research. Its down-to-earth approach and communicative style will also speak to businesses practitioners who want to understand the ongoing digital disruption of the market rules and emergence of the new digital business models. The book refers to academic insights from economics and sociology while giving numerous empirical examples drawn from basic and applied research and business. It addresses several burning issues: how are digital processes transforming traditional business models? Does intelligent automation threaten our jobs? Are we reaching the end of globalisation as we know it? How can we best prepare ourselves and our children for the digitally transformed world? The book will help the reader gain a better understanding of the mechanisms behind the digital transformation, something that is essential in order to not only reap the plentiful opportunities being created by the digital economy but also to avoid its many pitfalls

Question(ing) strategies in British political news interviews : grilling the interlocutors as a strategic weapon

Every dialogue is constrained by a rigid framework, which manifests itself in its linear character (an initial-continuation-counter move structure or a question-answer relation ship and dismissal-argumentation order of dialogue), and which illustrates the functional dependencies between sentences or sequences of sentences. The following study focuses on the discourse-pragmatic notion of the interviewer’s text-forming strategies, and, in particu lar, the question-answer relationship of political news interviews in Great Britain. Attention is focused on the questioning strategies employed by Andrew Marr in The Andrew Marr Show. Various types of questions within epistemic logic, which act as the strategic repertoire of the participants in dialogue games (Carlson 1983), are examined. The list of question types includes indirect and direct questions, where the former refer to sentential (yes-no), search (wh-questions), conditional, alternative, tag, ellipted, disjunctive or conjunctive questions (as instances of multiple questions), and the latter to questions presupposing the accomplishment of the specific epistemic state. Andrew Marr, as a dominant participant in this dialogue game, at least with reference to his role that presupposes topic control (selection and change of topics), will use this strategic weapon to influence the politicians’ performance and make them account for their political actions

Deep learning approach to describe and classify fungi microscopic images

Preliminary diagnosis of fungal infections can rely on microscopic examination. However, in many cases, it does not allow unambiguous identification of the species by microbiologist due to their visual similarity. Therefore, it is usually necessary to use additional biochemical tests. That involves additional costs and extends the identification process up to 10 days. Such a delay in the implementation of targeted therapy may be grave in consequence as the mortality rate for immunosuppressed patients is high. In this paper, we apply a machine learning approach based on deep neural networks and Fisher Vector (advanced bag-of-words method) to classify microscopic images of various fungi species. Our approach has the potential to make the last stage of biochemical identification redundant, shortening the identification process by 2-3 days, and reducing the cost of the diagnosis

Constitutional Courts and Representative Democracy – a Kelsenian Perspective

In the presented article we develop the thesis that constitutional courts may be treated as one of the key elements guaranteeing the proper functioning of representative democracy if they secure the democratic “chain of delegation”. Following the theory of Hans Kelsen, we employ a normative concept giving the answer to how a constitutional court should act to fulfil such a role. According to Kelsen’s perspective, the main threat to representative democracy is the “alternative legislative procedure”, a non-constitutional form of legislation based solely on the political will and in consequence deconstructing the constitutional chain of delegation. The guarantee of constitutionality means the restoration of an equal representation in the legislative procedure based on the majorityminority rule. As the guardian of the democratic legislative procedure, the constitutional court should be a ground for the “virtual representation” of all the parties to a democratic dispute. In result it prevents the transformation of representative democracy into majority democracy