The Russian Empire's Eighteenth Century in Recent Historiography of the German-speaking Countries

German, Austrian and Swiss Dixhuitiémists have produced very productive research in German, English, and Russian over the past two decades. However, there is no German-speaking “school” on the 18 th century; the historiography is closely connected with research in other countries. However, in an international comparison, there are certain topics that have received more attention in “German” historiography, i.e., research on the state-sponsored expeditions in the east, on the development of the precursors of ethnology and on the history of concepts (Begriffsgeschichte). The goal of this article is to make historiography produced by German-speaking countries on the Russian Empire’s 18 th century more accessible to further research by sorting them by topic and to give the reader an overview of the state of the art in particular with regards to the monographs. The focus is not on the language in which research of the last two decades has been presented, but on the partial extent to which historians have been socialized in the German academic world. In each rubric authors are listed alphabetically and their publications chronologically

Intrusive Magmatism Strongly Contributed to the Volatile Release Into the Atmosphere of Early Earth

Magmatic volatile release was crucial for the build-up and composition of the early atmosphere and thus for the origin and evolution of life. Even though the rate of intrusive to extrusive magma production on Earth is high, intrusive volatile release is commonly neglected in studies modeling the composition of the early atmosphere. This can mainly be attributed to the solubility of volatiles like H2O and CO2. The solubility is increasing with depth and thus is thought to prevent the release of these volatiles. However, due to the accumulation of H2O and CO2 within the melt during fractional crystallization, the solubility can be exceeded even at greater depths. In our study, we developed a novel numeric model to quantify the amount of H2O and CO2 that can be released from an intrusive system if we consider the process of fractional crystallization. Additionally, we take the possibility of melt ascent and the formation of hydrous minerals into account. According to our simulations, the release of H2O and CO2 from an intrusive magma body is possible within the whole lithosphere. However, the release strongly depends on the initial volatile budget, the formation of hydrous phases, the depth of the intrusion and the buoyancy of the melt. Considering all these factors, our study suggests that about 0%–85% H2O and 100% CO2 can be released from mafic intrusions. This renders the incorporation of the intrusive volatile release mandatory in order to determine the volatile fluxes and the composition of early Earth's atmosphere

Neuere Imperiumsforschung in der Osteuropäischen Geschichte:: die Habsburgermonarchie, das Russländische Reich und die Sowjetunion

Research on Empires in the historiography on Eastern Europe Since the 1990s, research in East European History has been deeply influenced by the concept of empire and reinvigorated by the growing interest in the complexities of the multinational and multi-confessional character of the area. It is the goal of this contribution not only to showcase the recent scholarship on the Habsburg Monarchy, the Russian Autocracy and the Soviet Union as empires, but also to address the most interesting questions that are currently pushing the field in new directions. All three cases reveal that neither the difference between maritime and continental empires, often overemphasized in earlier scholarship, nor the distinction between seemingly “modern” (Western) and “backward” (Eastern) empires can be sustained. The peculiarities of all three empires highlight rather the central question of to what extent these cases were empires at all, and of the development of the relationship between the national and imperial traits of the various states

Eigenthümliches Verhalten des salzsauren Chinins

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Exploiting memory effects to detect the boundaries of biochemical subnetworks

Partial measurements of biochemical reaction networks are ubiquitous and limit our ability to reconstruct the topology of the reaction network and the strength of the interactions amongst both the observed and the unobserved molecular species. Here, we show how we can utilize noisy time series of such partially observed networks to determine which species of the observed part form its boundary, i.e. have significant interactions with the unobserved part. This opens a route to reliable network reconstruction. The method exploits the memory terms arising from projecting the dynamics of the entire network onto the observed subnetwork. We apply it to the dynamics of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) network and show that it works even for substantial noise levels.Comment: Main text: 6 pages with 4 figures and Supplemental material: 13 pages with 9 figure

Das Stockhorn im Canton Bern

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Ilmkuulus Italia rööwlipealik Rinaldo Rinaldini : Kõige suurem Italia rahwa roman

40. andel puuduvad viimased lehed.https://www.ester.ee/record=b1372904*es

Ueber die Sehnenüberpflanzung in der Behandlung der spinalen Kinderlähmung, ihre Indikation, Technik und Resultate 2 )

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