ǂThe ǂlanguage reform and the treatment of loanwords in the contemporary Turkish language Языковая реформа и отношение к заимствованным словам в современном турецком языке

Turski jezik sa svojom bogatom istorijom predstavlja neiscrpan izvor za istraživanje. Uzimajući u obzir da je jezička reforma imala najveći uticaj na razvoj turskog jezika odlučili smo da predmet našeg istraživanja bude epoha modernizacije i stvaranje čistog, nezavisnog turskog jezika. Na tom putu dostizanja jezičkog identiteta kao suštinskog dela nacionalnog identiteta, iniciran je pokret jezičkog purizma koji će imati dalekosežne rezultate. Dijahronijski pristup ovoj temi nam je pomogao da prikažemo potrebu za pokretanjem jezičke reforme u turskom. U prvim poglavljima analiziramo razvojne faze turskog jezika i prve pokušaje pojednostavljenja. Posebnu pažnju posvetili smo islamu čiji su uticaji u velikoj meri bili reflektovani i na jezik. Primanjem islama, od XI veka u turski jezik se slivaju elementi arapskog i persijskog jezika. Prvobitno su se ti lingvistički uticaji ograničavali na leksički nivo da bi se kasnije širenjem arapskog i persijskog kulturno-umetničkog uticaja strani elementi postali vidljivi i na drugim jezičkim nivoima. Turski jezik vremenom gubi svoje osobenosti i postaje hibridan jezik sačinjen od velikog procenta arapskih i persijskih reči. Nastaje osmanlijski jezik koji predstavlja mešavinu turskog, arapskog i persijskog jezika. Jedna od njegovih osnovnih odlika, pored stranog leksičkog fonda, bilo je i neodgovarajuće arapsko pismo. Ovo pismo nije odgovaralo fonetskom sistemu turskog, pre svega po pitanju vokala kojima je turski jezik bogat. Viševekovna upotreba arapskog pisma za posledicu je imala mali procenat pismenog stanovništva. U radu smo težili da detaljno opišemo neophodnost prelaska sa arapskog na latinično pismo i sve poteškoće koje su se prilikom usvajanja novog pisma javljale. Nakon uspešne reforme pisma počinje nova faza osavremenjivanja jezika. U cilju oslobađanja stranog uticaja, mnogi kulturni radnici pokušavaju da probude svest naroda o iskvarenom turskom jeziku. Svi pokušaji su bili bez epiloga sve do perioda Tanzimata kada se konačno pokreće pitanje jezika. Ovaj period reformi doprineo je menjanju toka razvoja turskog, ali opet u pravcu stranog uticaja, ovog puta zapadnog. Francuska je u to vreme bila jedna od najrazvijenijih, pa je njen uticaj zamenio prethodne. Na taj način turski nije dostigao željeni oblik već je i dalje bio u senci drugih jezika. Period turske istorije kome smo posvetili posebnu pažnju jeste republikanski period. Dolaskom prvog tuskog predsednika na vlast, Mustafe Kemala Ataturka, Turska doživljava preoporod. Reformistički način upravljanja državom i širenje turskog nacionalizma umnogome su doprineli stvaranju nezavisnog turskog jezika. Raskidanjem s tradicionalnim načinom života i uspostavljanjem novog, savremenog društvenog poretka, Republika Turska ulazi u krug civilizovanih, modernih država. Ataturk je od oronulog Osmanlijskog carstva napravio snažnu državu sa svojim nacionalnim identitetom. Postavljajući temelje za osavremenjivanje na svim državnim nivoima, veliku pažnju usmerio je ka rešavanju jezičkog pitanja. Osnovao je Tursko lingvističko društvo s ciljem da se bavi jezikom i sprovodi jezičku reformu. Pokret lingvističkog purizma u turskom je imao neverovatne rezultate. Uprkos protivnicima, jezička reforma, ili kako je Turci nazivaju revolucija, je uspešno sprovedena. U tezi smo nastojali da hronološkim putem opišemo sve faze kroz koje je turski tokom svoje istorije prolazio. Dotakli smo se i teme odnosa politike prema jeziku i kakav uticaj ona ima na razvoj jezika. Posebnim osvrtom na pozajmljenice ukazali smo na napore Turskog lingvističkog društva u iznalaženju turskih ekvivalenata radi očuvanja čistog turskog jezika. Savremene tendencije u turskom ne odstupaju mnogo od drugih jezika kod kojih je takođe prisutan veliki uticaj engleskog jezika. Odupiranje novoj terminologiji je težak proces jer se posredstvom savremenih tehnoloških otkrića u svaki jezik slivaju anglicizmi. Turski lingvisti i članovi Turskog lingvističkog društva naporno rade na smišljanju turskih ekvivalenata, ali i pored toga neretko je prisutna pojava upotrebe stranih termina. Mnogi eminentni turski lingvisti pišu na temu kvarenja jezika i upozoravaju na posledice. Polazeći od istorijskog stanovišta želeli smo da prikažemo promene koje je turski jezik doživeo. Pored toga analiziranjem savremenih tokova u jeziku cilj nam je bio da ukažemo na zabrinutost lingvista i naučnika za jezik koji je pod sve snažnijim uticajem novih načina komuniciranja i tehnoloških inovacija. Osnovni cilj rada bio je da se opiše način sprovođenja jezičke reforme i njen uspeh koji se najviše ogleda u dostizanju jezičke nezavisnosti.Owing to its abundant history, the Turkish language represents an inexhaustible source for scientific research. Taking into account the fact that the language reform proved to have a decisive effect on the evolution of Turkish, its modernisation epoch and the consequent formation of pure and independent Turkish language is identified as a topic of this research. In this process of attaining language identity which is an essential part of national identity, a movement for linguistic purism was initiated that would prove to have far-reaching results. A diachronic approach to this issue has been of great use when explaining the need for initialising linguistic reform in the Turkish language. First chapters analyse stages in the evolution of Turkish language and very first simplification attempts. Particular attention is paid to Islam the impact of which greatly reflected on the language. Following the adoption of Islam, starting from the 11th century, there was a constant influx of Arabic and Persian language elements into Turkish. Originally, such linguistic impact was restricted to lexical aspect but, with the later expansion of Arabic and Persian cultural and artistic influences, foreign elements became visible in other linguistic aspects as well. Turkish was gradually deprived of its original features, becoming a hybrid language that comprised a great deal of Persian and Arabic loanwords. Ottoman Turkish emerged as a blend of Turkish, Arabic and Persian. One of its main characteristics, apart from the acquisition of foreign lexical fund, was the usage of inappropriate Arabic alphabet. This alphabet was not suited to Turkish phonetic system, primarily due to the vowels which Turkish abounds in. The usage of Arabic script over several centuries had for its consequence a low literacy rate. This paper attempts to describe in detail the urge for shift from Arabic to Latin alphabet and consequent difficulties that emerged with the adoption of new script. After the successful script reform, a new phase of language modernisation ensued. Aiming to minimize foreign impact, many cultural workers endeavoured to raise awareness of Turkish language corruption. All these attempts proved to be futile before the Tanzimat period, when the language issue was finally tackled. This period of reforms had a decisive impact on the change of direction in which the Turkish language evolved, but the impact again came from abroad, this time from West. France was one of the most developed countries of the time so its influence took a lead. This way Turkish failed to evolve into the wanted form and remained overshadowed by other languages. A particular attention in the paper is paid to the period of the Republic. Turkey experienced revival when Mustafa Kemal Ataturk rose to power. Reformed state government and Turkish nationalism expansion contributed greatly to the formation of independent Turkish language. The break-up with the traditional modus vivendi and a promotion of new, contemporary social system led Turkey into the company of civilized, modern states. Ataturk transformed the rotten Ottoman Empire into a powerful state with its national identity. Having laid foundations for modernisation of each state aspect, he particularly focused on solving the language issue. He established the Turkish Language Association with an aim to deal with language topics and perform language reform. The linguistic purism movement scored incredible results in the Turkish language. Despite its opponents, the language reform, or, revolution in Turkish words, was successfully carried out. The paper offers a chronological insight into the stages of Turkish language evolution. The attitude of politics towards the language and its impact on the language evolution is another topic discussed. With particular attention to loanwords, the paper points to the endeavours of the Turkish Language Association to find equivalent Turkish words so as to preserve the pure Turkish language. Current tendencies in Turkish do not differ much from other languages in which great English language influence is evident. Resisting new terminology is an arduous process since each language has an influx of English words due to modern technological breakthroughs. Turkish linguists and the members of Turkish Language Association work hard to produce Turkish equivalent words, but the usage of foreign terminology nevertheless occurs. Many eminent Turkish linguists write about the process of language degradation, warning of its consequences. Starting from historical viewpoint, the goal is to indicate the changes that the Turkish language has undergone. By analysing contemporary linguistic tendencies, the paper points to the concerns that linguists and scholars have about the language under increasing influence of new means of communication and technological innovations. The main goal of the paper is to describe the ways in which the language reform was carried out and its success that reflected most in the language independence

Transient Numerical Simulation of Airflow Characteristics in the Mouth-Throat 3D Model

Air pollution is a public health problem that has a serious effect on human health, as it leads to increased morbidity and mortality. Each year, more than 3 million people die from air pollution, while many more have higher risks of stroke, heart attack, and lung diseases as a result of the pollution. The available epidemiological studies indicate that exposure to particulate matter in the air can have a toxic effect on the cardiovascular system, and increase the death risk from cardiovascular diseases such as ischemic heart disease and heart failure. In this study, we have reconstructed the upper respiratory tract model from the CT images in order to analyze airflow patterns during the inhalation part of the breathing cycle and to track NO2 particles inhaled through the mouth or nose. The numerical analysis has been performed using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method and the discrete particle method (DPM). The continuous phase flow was solved using the k-ω Shear Stress Transport model with low Reynolds number corrections

Application of classification algorithms for hip implant surface topographies

Experimental studies have shown that lower shear stress values lead to better femoral bone – hip implant connection. Numerical simulations have provided option to reduce the number of experimental studies through analysis of different hip implant surface topographies. However, this approach takes time as there are different model parameters that should be considered in order to understand how they affect the obtained shear stress values. The use of classification algorithms is an approach that could reduce the time required for simulation by providing information about models with biggest potential. Eleven model parameters related to model and surface topography were considered in combination with four classification algorithms - Support Vector Machines (SVM), K - Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Decision Tree (DT), and Random Forest (RF). The considered parameters were: Number of half-cylinders lengthwise (>0); Number of half-cylinder rows (≥0); Half cylinders added or removed from the surface (0 – removed; 1 - added); Distance between half-cylinders lengthwise (≥0); Distance between half-cylinders widthwise (≥0); Number of different radius values (1 or 2); Radius 1 value (>0); Radius 2 value (≥0); Distance from the edge where loading is located (≥0); Distance from the other edge of the model (≥0); Model includes trabecular bone (0 – not included; 1 - included). The aim was to apply previously mentioned algorithms to obtain information if the maximum shear stress value was above or below user-defined threshold. The obtained results show that this approach can be useful to obtain preliminary information about models that should be numerically analyzed.Book of abstract: 4th Belgrade Bioinformatics Conference, June 19-23, 202

Visualizationand risk estimation of harmful substances leakage based on ALOHA code

Air pollution caused by leakage of dangerous chemicals is a serious threat to the living world and the environment. Predicting the consequences of pollution by mathematical simulation of leakage has become an important method in the field of environmental protection. In this study, two registered accidents of leakage of chemicals on the territory of the Republic of Serbia were analysed, the leakage of hydrochloric acid and the leakage of ammonia. The areal location of hazardous atmospheres (ALOHA) model was selected together with accurate data on geographic location and meteorological conditions for simulation and evaluation of the effects of harmful evaporation on the environment, Additional analyzes of the same accidents were performed for different meteorological conditions and a comparison of the results was done.The simulation confirmed that the extent of the pollution largely depended on the type of chemical pollutantsand then on their release in given meteorological and geographical conditions

Assessment of air pollution distribution from radioactive sources and its impact on human health

The paper assesses the concentration of gas aerosols produced as a result of radioactive sources emission. A Gaussian diffusion model is used for calculation of the particle concentration, and the Cs137 isotope is taken as an example of the particles. The determination of the dispersion parameters used in the Gaussian model will be carried out using the Pasquill-Gifford and Briggs’ method. Based on calculated concentrations of radionuclides, their impact on human health will be analyzed

Optimization and prediction of ibuprofen release from 3D DLP printlets using artificial neural networks

The aim of this work was to investigate eects of the formulation factors on tablet printability as well as to optimize and predict extended drug release from cross-linked polymeric ibuprofen printlets using an artificial neural network (ANN). Printlets were printed using digital light processing (DLP) technology from formulations containing polyethylene glycol diacrylate, polyethylene glycol, and water in concentrations according to D-optimal mixture design and 0.1% w/w riboflavin and 5% w/w ibuprofen. It was observed that with higher water content longer exposure time was required for successful printing. For understanding the eects of excipients and printing parameters on drug dissolution rate in DLP printlets two dierent neural networks were developed with using two commercially available softwares. After comparison of experimental and predicted values of in vitro dissolution at the corresponding time points for optimized formulation, the R2 experimental vs. predicted value was 0.9811 (neural network 1) and 0.9960 (neural network 2). According to dierence f1 and similarity factor f2 (f1 = 14.30 and f2 = 52.15) neural network 1 with supervised multilayer perceptron, backpropagation algorithm, and linear activation function gave a similar dissolution profile to obtained experimental results, indicating that adequate ANN is able to set out an input–output relationship in DLP printing of pharmaceutics

Cyclic fatigue testing of ProTaper Universal and ProTaper Next rotary instruments of different diameters

Introduction Sudden fracture of instruments without previous warning signs, which occurs due to cyclic and torsional fatigue, represents the biggest problem and one of the most difficult complications during endodontic therapy. The aim of this research was to check the influence of diameter of the instruments on the appearance of cyclic fatigue in simulated canals in full rotation. Material and Method The study analyzed 24 ProTaper Universal instruments (12 instruments with a diameter of 25 and 12 instruments with a diameter of 30) and 24 ProTaper Next instruments (12 instruments with a diameter of 25 and 12 instruments with a diameter of 30). The instruments were tested in an artificial canal stuffed in a metal block at an angle of 45° and a corner radius of 5 mm. The operating time of each instrument until fracture was measured, and then the number of cycles to fracture (NCF) was calculated. The length of the fractured fragments (FL) was measured with a Vernier caliper. Results The number of cycles to fracture was higher (p < 0.001) in instruments of the ProTaper Universal group of diameter 25 (367.83 ± 17.00) compared to instruments of diameter 30 (329.33 ± 12.86) of the same group. The number of cycles leading to the fracture in instruments of the ProTaper Next group of diameter 25 (1189.33 ± 18.97) was higher (p < 0.001) compared to instruments of the same group of diameter 30 (971.08 ± 15.26). Conclusion Obtained results indicated that with an increase in the diameter of rotating endodontic instruments, there is a decrease in the resistance to cyclic fatigue

Development of iminosugar-based glycosidase inhibitors as drug candidates for SARS-CoV-2 virus via molecular modelling and in vitro studies

We developed new iminosugar-based glycosidase inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2. Known drugs (miglustat, migalastat, miglitol, and swainsonine) were chosen as lead compounds to develop three classes of glycosidase inhibitors (α-glucosidase, α-galactosidase, and mannosidase). Molecular modelling of the lead compounds, synthesis of the compounds with the highest docking scores, enzyme inhibition tests, and in vitro antiviral assays afforded rationally designed inhibitors. Two highly active α-glucosidase inhibitors were discovered, where one of them is the most potent iminosugar-based anti-SARS-CoV-2 agent to date (EC90 = 1.94 µM in A549-ACE2 cells against Omicron BA.1 strain). However, galactosidase inhibitors did not exhibit antiviral activity, whereas mannosidase inhibitors were both active and cytotoxic. As our iminosugar-based drug candidates act by a host-directed mechanism, they should be more resilient to drug resistance. Moreover, this strategy could be extended to identify potential drug candidates for other viral infections

SGABU computational platform for multiscale modeling:Bridging the gap between education and research

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: In accordance with the latest aspirations in the field of bioengineering, there is a need to create a web accessible, but powerful cloud computational platform that combines datasets and multiscale models related to bone modeling, cancer, cardiovascular diseases and tissue engineering. The SGABU platform may become a powerful information system for research and education that can integrate data, extract information, and facilitate knowledge exchange with the goal of creating and developing appropriate computing pipelines to provide accurate and comprehensive biological information from the molecular to organ level. METHODS: The datasets integrated into the platform are obtained from experimental and/or clinical studies and are mainly in tabular or image file format, including metadata. The implementation of multiscale models, is an ambitious effort of the platform to capture phenomena at different length scales, described using partial and ordinary differential equations, which are solved numerically on complex geometries with the use of the finite element method. The majority of the SGABU platform's simulation pipelines are provided as Common Workflow Language (CWL) workflows. Each of them requires creating a CWL implementation on the backend and a user-friendly interface using standard web technologies. Platform is available at https://sgabu-test.unic.kg.ac.rs/login. RESULTS: The main dashboard of the SGABU platform is divided into sections for each field of research, each one of which includes a subsection of datasets and multiscale models. The datasets can be presented in a simple form as tabular data, or using technologies such as Plotly.js for 2D plot interactivity, Kitware Paraview Glance for 3D view. Regarding the models, the usage of Docker containerization for packing the individual tools and CWL orchestration for describing inputs with validation forms and outputs with tabular views for output visualization, interactive diagrams, 3D views and animations. CONCLUSIONS: In practice, the structure of SGABU platform means that any of the integrated workflows can work equally well on any other bioengineering platform. The key advantage of the SGABU platform over similar efforts is its versatility offered with the use of modern, modular, and extensible technology for various levels of architecture.</p

ǂThe ǂlanguage reform and the treatment of loanwords in the contemporary Turkish language Языковая реформа и отношение к заимствованным словам в современном турецком языке

Turski jezik sa svojom bogatom istorijom predstavlja neiscrpan izvor za istraživanje. Uzimajući u obzir da je jezička reforma imala najveći uticaj na razvoj turskog jezika odlučili smo da predmet našeg istraživanja bude epoha modernizacije i stvaranje čistog, nezavisnog turskog jezika. Na tom putu dostizanja jezičkog identiteta kao suštinskog dela nacionalnog identiteta, iniciran je pokret jezičkog purizma koji će imati dalekosežne rezultate. Dijahronijski pristup ovoj temi nam je pomogao da prikažemo potrebu za pokretanjem jezičke reforme u turskom. U prvim poglavljima analiziramo razvojne faze turskog jezika i prve pokušaje pojednostavljenja. Posebnu pažnju posvetili smo islamu čiji su uticaji u velikoj meri bili reflektovani i na jezik. Primanjem islama, od XI veka u turski jezik se slivaju elementi arapskog i persijskog jezika. Prvobitno su se ti lingvistički uticaji ograničavali na leksički nivo da bi se kasnije širenjem arapskog i persijskog kulturno-umetničkog uticaja strani elementi postali vidljivi i na drugim jezičkim nivoima. Turski jezik vremenom gubi svoje osobenosti i postaje hibridan jezik sačinjen od velikog procenta arapskih i persijskih reči. Nastaje osmanlijski jezik koji predstavlja mešavinu turskog, arapskog i persijskog jezika. Jedna od njegovih osnovnih odlika, pored stranog leksičkog fonda, bilo je i neodgovarajuće arapsko pismo. Ovo pismo nije odgovaralo fonetskom sistemu turskog, pre svega po pitanju vokala kojima je turski jezik bogat. Viševekovna upotreba arapskog pisma za posledicu je imala mali procenat pismenog stanovništva. U radu smo težili da detaljno opišemo neophodnost prelaska sa arapskog na latinično pismo i sve poteškoće koje su se prilikom usvajanja novog pisma javljale. Nakon uspešne reforme pisma počinje nova faza osavremenjivanja jezika. U cilju oslobađanja stranog uticaja, mnogi kulturni radnici pokušavaju da probude svest naroda o iskvarenom turskom jeziku. Svi pokušaji su bili bez epiloga sve do perioda Tanzimata kada se konačno pokreće pitanje jezika. Ovaj period reformi doprineo je menjanju toka razvoja turskog, ali opet u pravcu stranog uticaja, ovog puta zapadnog. Francuska je u to vreme bila jedna od najrazvijenijih, pa je njen uticaj zamenio prethodne. Na taj način turski nije dostigao željeni oblik već je i dalje bio u senci drugih jezika. Period turske istorije kome smo posvetili posebnu pažnju jeste republikanski period. Dolaskom prvog tuskog predsednika na vlast, Mustafe Kemala Ataturka, Turska doživljava preoporod. Reformistički način upravljanja državom i širenje turskog nacionalizma umnogome su doprineli stvaranju nezavisnog turskog jezika. Raskidanjem s tradicionalnim načinom života i uspostavljanjem novog, savremenog društvenog poretka, Republika Turska ulazi u krug civilizovanih, modernih država. Ataturk je od oronulog Osmanlijskog carstva napravio snažnu državu sa svojim nacionalnim identitetom. Postavljajući temelje za osavremenjivanje na svim državnim nivoima, veliku pažnju usmerio je ka rešavanju jezičkog pitanja. Osnovao je Tursko lingvističko društvo s ciljem da se bavi jezikom i sprovodi jezičku reformu. Pokret lingvističkog purizma u turskom je imao neverovatne rezultate. Uprkos protivnicima, jezička reforma, ili kako je Turci nazivaju revolucija, je uspešno sprovedena. U tezi smo nastojali da hronološkim putem opišemo sve faze kroz koje je turski tokom svoje istorije prolazio. Dotakli smo se i teme odnosa politike prema jeziku i kakav uticaj ona ima na razvoj jezika. Posebnim osvrtom na pozajmljenice ukazali smo na napore Turskog lingvističkog društva u iznalaženju turskih ekvivalenata radi očuvanja čistog turskog jezika. Savremene tendencije u turskom ne odstupaju mnogo od drugih jezika kod kojih je takođe prisutan veliki uticaj engleskog jezika. Odupiranje novoj terminologiji je težak proces jer se posredstvom savremenih tehnoloških otkrića u svaki jezik slivaju anglicizmi. Turski lingvisti i članovi Turskog lingvističkog društva naporno rade na smišljanju turskih ekvivalenata, ali i pored toga neretko je prisutna pojava upotrebe stranih termina. Mnogi eminentni turski lingvisti pišu na temu kvarenja jezika i upozoravaju na posledice. Polazeći od istorijskog stanovišta želeli smo da prikažemo promene koje je turski jezik doživeo. Pored toga analiziranjem savremenih tokova u jeziku cilj nam je bio da ukažemo na zabrinutost lingvista i naučnika za jezik koji je pod sve snažnijim uticajem novih načina komuniciranja i tehnoloških inovacija. Osnovni cilj rada bio je da se opiše način sprovođenja jezičke reforme i njen uspeh koji se najviše ogleda u dostizanju jezičke nezavisnosti.Owing to its abundant history, the Turkish language represents an inexhaustible source for scientific research. Taking into account the fact that the language reform proved to have a decisive effect on the evolution of Turkish, its modernisation epoch and the consequent formation of pure and independent Turkish language is identified as a topic of this research. In this process of attaining language identity which is an essential part of national identity, a movement for linguistic purism was initiated that would prove to have far-reaching results. A diachronic approach to this issue has been of great use when explaining the need for initialising linguistic reform in the Turkish language. First chapters analyse stages in the evolution of Turkish language and very first simplification attempts. Particular attention is paid to Islam the impact of which greatly reflected on the language. Following the adoption of Islam, starting from the 11th century, there was a constant influx of Arabic and Persian language elements into Turkish. Originally, such linguistic impact was restricted to lexical aspect but, with the later expansion of Arabic and Persian cultural and artistic influences, foreign elements became visible in other linguistic aspects as well. Turkish was gradually deprived of its original features, becoming a hybrid language that comprised a great deal of Persian and Arabic loanwords. Ottoman Turkish emerged as a blend of Turkish, Arabic and Persian. One of its main characteristics, apart from the acquisition of foreign lexical fund, was the usage of inappropriate Arabic alphabet. This alphabet was not suited to Turkish phonetic system, primarily due to the vowels which Turkish abounds in. The usage of Arabic script over several centuries had for its consequence a low literacy rate. This paper attempts to describe in detail the urge for shift from Arabic to Latin alphabet and consequent difficulties that emerged with the adoption of new script. After the successful script reform, a new phase of language modernisation ensued. Aiming to minimize foreign impact, many cultural workers endeavoured to raise awareness of Turkish language corruption. All these attempts proved to be futile before the Tanzimat period, when the language issue was finally tackled. This period of reforms had a decisive impact on the change of direction in which the Turkish language evolved, but the impact again came from abroad, this time from West. France was one of the most developed countries of the time so its influence took a lead. This way Turkish failed to evolve into the wanted form and remained overshadowed by other languages. A particular attention in the paper is paid to the period of the Republic. Turkey experienced revival when Mustafa Kemal Ataturk rose to power. Reformed state government and Turkish nationalism expansion contributed greatly to the formation of independent Turkish language. The break-up with the traditional modus vivendi and a promotion of new, contemporary social system led Turkey into the company of civilized, modern states. Ataturk transformed the rotten Ottoman Empire into a powerful state with its national identity. Having laid foundations for modernisation of each state aspect, he particularly focused on solving the language issue. He established the Turkish Language Association with an aim to deal with language topics and perform language reform. The linguistic purism movement scored incredible results in the Turkish language. Despite its opponents, the language reform, or, revolution in Turkish words, was successfully carried out. The paper offers a chronological insight into the stages of Turkish language evolution. The attitude of politics towards the language and its impact on the language evolution is another topic discussed. With particular attention to loanwords, the paper points to the endeavours of the Turkish Language Association to find equivalent Turkish words so as to preserve the pure Turkish language. Current tendencies in Turkish do not differ much from other languages in which great English language influence is evident. Resisting new terminology is an arduous process since each language has an influx of English words due to modern technological breakthroughs. Turkish linguists and the members of Turkish Language Association work hard to produce Turkish equivalent words, but the usage of foreign terminology nevertheless occurs. Many eminent Turkish linguists write about the process of language degradation, warning of its consequences. Starting from historical viewpoint, the goal is to indicate the changes that the Turkish language has undergone. By analysing contemporary linguistic tendencies, the paper points to the concerns that linguists and scholars have about the language under increasing influence of new means of communication and technological innovations. The main goal of the paper is to describe the ways in which the language reform was carried out and its success that reflected most in the language independence