191 research outputs found
PARAMETERIZATION OF COMPLEX CULTURAL HERITAGE SHAPES FOR ONLINE VIEWING AND INTERACTIVE PRESENTATION AND PROCESSING
[EN] We have developed algorithms and programs capable of efficiently parameterizing complex cultural heritage shapes
including texture, which significantly reduces the data-set size. This is potentially significant for online viewing and
interactive presentation and processing. The proposed approach is based on Non-uniform rational B-splines (NURBS)
mathematical model which is also by itself suitable for analysis, especially of different artistic techniques.Ćurković, M.; Vučina, D. (2016). PARAMETERIZATION OF COMPLEX CULTURAL HERITAGE SHAPES FOR ONLINE VIEWING AND INTERACTIVE PRESENTATION AND PROCESSING. En 8th International congress on archaeology, computer graphics, cultural heritage and innovation. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 105-110. https://doi.org/10.4995/arqueologica8.2015.3510OCS10511
Stigmatizacija i diskriminacija HIV pozitivnih osoba i osoba oboljelih od AIDS-a u zdravstvenom sustavu Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine: gledišta zdravstvenih djelatnika i pacijenata
Istraživanje predstavlja svojevrsni nastavak istraživanja iz 2011.godine o HIV/AIDS
stigmi i diskriminaciji u zdravstvenom sektoru u FBiH koje je proveo Zavod za javno
zdravstvo Federacije BiH, a u kojem je sudjelovalo 1,118 zdravstvenih djelatnika različitih
zanimanja. Ovo je istraživanje provedeno 2014. godine u 17 zdravstvenih ustanova iz deset
gradova FBiH, a u njemu je sudjelovalo ukupno 1,164 zdravstvena djelatnika sa sva tri nivoa
zdravstvene zaštite kao i 48 osoba koje žive s HIV-om u Federaciji BiH.
Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi postoje li kod zdravstvenih djelatnika u zdravstvenom
sustavu stigma i diskriminacija povezane s HIV/AIDS-om kao i po prvi put u Bosni i
Hercegovini ispitati iskustva koja upućuju na stigmatizaciju i diskriminaciju osoba koje žive s
HIV-om u javnom zdravstvenom sektoru u FBiH.
Ispitana su mišljenja i iskustva zdravstvenih djelatnika o temama HIV-a, edukacije iz
područja HIV/AIDS-a te znanje, stavovi i praksa o HIV-u s naglaskom na HIV stigmu i
diskriminaciju. Pored zdravstvenih djelatnika, osobe koje žive s HIV-om su ispitane o životu
s HIV/AIDS-om, otkrivanju HIV pozitivnog statusa te iskustvu stigmatizacije i
diskriminacije u zdravstvenom sektoru.
Rezultati su pokazali da je znanje zdravstvenih djelatnika o HIV-u dosta slabo, međutim
ipak je, u usporedbi s rezultatima iz 2011.godine, uočen napredak kada je u pitanju znanje o
prijenosu HIV-a tjelesnim tekućinama. Veće znanje su pokazali mlađi sudionici (do 40
godina starosti) te sudionici s visokom stručnom spremom u usporedbi s onima sa srednjom
stručnom spremom. Slično tome, izraženost stigmatizirajućih stavova je u pojedinim
aspektima donekle umanjena. Najviše stigmatiziraju zdravstveni djelatnici s tercijarne razine
zdravstvene zaštite sa srednjom stručnom spremom.
Određena pitanja u ovom istraživanju smo postavili i zdravstvenim djelatnicima i
osobama koje žive s HIV/AIDS-om da bismo utvrdili obje strane istog promatranog
problema. Interesantno je da su u najvećem postotku (38,7%) sudionici koji žive s HIV-om
odgovorili da nisu bili stigmatizirani i diskriminirani od strane zdravstvenih djelatnika, ali
ukoliko su bili, najčešće ih je stigmatizirao/diskriminirao liječnik/ica medicine (25,8%), u
usporedbi s ostalim zdravstvenim djelatnicima (liječnici stomatologije, medicinske
sestre/tehničari i laboratorijski tehničari).The research is a sort of follow-up research from 2011 on HIV/AIDS stigma and
discrimination in the health sector of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina which was
also conducted by the Institute for Public Health of the Federation of Bosnia and
Herzegovina.
This research in 2014 was conducted in 10 cities, within 17 health institutions, which
included a total of 1.164 health workers from all three levels of healthcare, together with 48
people living with HIV in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
We examined the attitudes and experiences of health workers regarding to HIV,
HIV/AIDS education and knowledge, attitudes and practices about HIV with an emphasis on
HIV stigma and discrimination. Along with health workers, people living with HIV were
asked about living with HIV/AIDS, detection of HIV positive status and experience of
stigmatization and discrimination in the health sector.
Stigma profoundly affects the lives of people living with HIV/AIDS, as well as the lives
of those who are at risk of becoming infected with HIV. Fear of being identified as person
with HIV/AIDS may discourage a person from getting tested, accessing medical services, and
disclosing their HIV status to family and friends. It is believed that medical workers’
understanding for the daily struggle of people living with HIV is vital for health and survival
of people living with HIV, in the same way as it is understanding and acceptance of family
members.
Aim
General aim of the study is to examine the existence of HIV/ AIDS-related stigma and
discrimination among health workers in the health sector of the Federation of Bosnia and
Herzegovina.
Problems and hypothesis of the research
1. Examine the experiences, behavior and knowledge of health workers in FBiH in
relation to HIV and AIDS and those living with these diagnoses.
H1: It is assumed that health workers will have good basic knowledge about the disease and
ways of spreading it, and that their experiences and behaviors will be neutral or positive to
patients living with HIV/AIDS. Specifically, younger health professionals, health
professionals with university degree and those from higher health care level are expected to
have more knowledge of HIV/AIDS and neutral or positive behaviors from older workers and
those working in institutions from lower levels of health care protection and without
university degree. 2. To examine the presence of stigmatizing attitudes and perceived discrimination of
people living with HIV/AIDS among health workers and determine whether it varies
depending on age, gender, educational profile and health care level.
H2: It is assumed that certain, but small or moderate, representation of stigmatization and
discrimination of persons with HIV/AIDS will be determined by health workers. Specifically,
younger health workers, women and healthcare professionals with higher education levels
and higher levels of health care are expected to have less stigmatizing attitudes and
discriminatory behaviors than older workers, men, lower educated workers, and lower-level
health care workers.
3. Examine the stigmatizing and discriminatory experiences in the health sector in the
FBiH of people living with HIV/AIDS.
H3: It is expected that people living with HIV/AIDS will report on a small or moderate
number of discrimination experiences and that male participants will report on a greater
degree of stigmatization and discrimination in compare to women participants.
Methodology
The study was conducted as a cross-sectional study on a randomly selected sample of
health workers and people living with HIV/AIDS.
Sample
The research covers health workers employed in public health institutions of primary,
secondary and tertiary levels. For the purposes of the research, stratified multi-stage cluster
sample in four levels has been chosen: Level I - health institution’s four strata determination,
level II - 4 strata of health workers (medical doctors, dentists, medical technicians/nurses and
laboratory technicians), III level - selection of participants or clusters depending on the
number of health institutions and level IV - health workers accidentally present at the time of
research till completion of the required number.
The sample has been determined by random stratification principle. The strata were
determined according to the regional distribution of health institutions, which will ensure
geographical coverage of the entire territory of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The sample frame has been made based on the data of regular health statistics of the Institute
of Public Health of the FB&H.
Out of a total of 1.164 participants, 783 (67.3%) were women and 309 (26.6%) males, and
72 (6.2%) did not answer on this question. Accordingly at what level of health care were
employed, 375 (32.2%) were employed in health centers, 375 (32.2%) came from general and
cantonal hospitals, 39 (3.4%) from the Institute for Transfusion Medicine, and from clinical centers 375 (32.2%). When it comes to occupation, in this research participated 747 nurses /
technicians (64.2%), 306 medical doctors (26.3%), 87 laboratory technicians (7.5%) and 24
dentists (2.1%).
Along with health workers, the sample includes people living with HIV/AIDS who use
DPST centers’ health services.
In the survey participated 48 people living with HIV / AIDS. On the question about sex,
20 of them did not answer, while from the remaining 28 participants 21 (75%) were male and
7 (25%) female. Approximately half of the participants (46.4%) belong to the age group of
31-40 years. The next most frequent group is those aged 41 to 50 (25%) and then older than
50 (21.4%). The lowest percentage of participants (7.1%) belongs to the age group younger
than 30 years. As far as work status is concerned, 45.7% of respondents are employed, of
which 51.4% are men and 22.2% of women.
Study instruments
A questionnaire, especially made for this study and based on similar studies in the
region and the world, was used as a study instrument. The questionnaire was adapted to the
situation and needs in the Federation. The questionnaire contains questions from the
following areas: health workers’ views and experience related to HIV, health workers’
education about HIV/AIDS, HIV-related knowledge, attitudes and practice, with the
emphasis on stigma and discrimination, as well as some general sociodemographic
characteristics of the participants.
A questionnaire for the people living with HIV was also based on the questionnaires with the
same topic from the world and the region. The questionnaire contains questions about living
with HIV/AIDS, detection of HIV-positive status, experience of stigma and discrimination in
the health sector and socio-demographic characteristics of people living with HIV/AIDS.
Organization of the research
The Institute for Public Health FB&H with its research team was in charge of conducting
this research.
Field work coordinators and study administrators are persons appointed from the PHI of
the FB&H. Before the field work started, health institutions that took part in the study were
informed in written about the aim and method of the study and they gave written consent for
its implementation. Directors of health institutions appointed associates for conducting the
study, who organized participant surveys with the study administrators, at the arranged time
and place. Distribution of questionnaires to people living with HIV/AIDS conducted advisors from
DPST centers in person.
Participation of health institutions, health workers and people living with HIV/AIDS in
the study was voluntary. As the questionnaire did not have any personal information, and as
the participants filled in the questionnaires by themselves and returned them in sealed,
unmarked envelopes, the anonymity of the participants in the study was ensured in that way.
The questionnaires which were filled in and put in envelopes, were delivered to the research
team by study administrators.
The research was conducted with full respect for the principles of Declaration of
Helsinki. Given the delicacy of the research topic, all documents collected by the main
research team members were submitted for review and approval to the Ethics Committee of
the Institute for Public Health FB&H. After obtaining the written consent of the Committee
on the proposal and implementation of research, the field work has been carried out.
Statistical data analysis
With the aim to describe the sample and subsample, frequencies, percentages, arithmetic
means, standard deviations and standard errors were calculated.
The importance of the differences among subsamples, i.e. different categories of participants,
was calculated with Student’s t-test and Fisher variance analysis when the variables measured
on bar interval level are in question, ie. with Pearson’s chi-squared test (with Yates’
correction in case of a need) when nominal variables are in question.
To determine the underlying structure in the basis of the answers, Maximum-Likelihood
factor analysis was used.
Results
Health workers
The largest percentage of health workers working in tertiary level of health care confirmed to
have had contact with people living with HIV/AIDS (49.3%), while that percentage is the
least in secondary level of health care (17.7%).
The most often medical interventions in which health workers are in contact with patient’s
blood or other body fluids are bandaging up wounds 62.1% and administration of parenteral
therapy 56.4%, and those the least often are delivering babies 8.8%.
66,9% of the health workers who participated in the study answered they would apply
additional precautionary measures if they knew/thought that a patient was HIV positive. Almost a half of the participants answered they would feel nervous if they knew their patient
is an HIV-positive person (44.5%), 13.5% of them would feel very nervous, while 35.1% of
them would not feel nervous in contact with an HIV-positive person.
49.8% of health workers participating in this study would without feeling uneasy provide
medical service to a patient living with HIV, while 10% of them would not do so.
According to the opinion of the participants, fear of getting infected despite the high
awareness and knowledge in 30% of cases may influence health worker’s decision to refuse
to provide service to an HIV-positive patient.
91.6% of the participants answered that even a single unprotected sexual intercourse with a
person living with HIV can lead to HIV infection, while only 2.4% answered negatively.
The highest percentage of the participants named blood (97.9%), semen (88.0%), vaginal
secretion (81.9%), and breast milk (51.1%) as a means of transmitting HIV.
38.9% of the participants believe that HIV-positive health workers should be allowed to work
with patients, while 35.5% of the participants believe that they should not be allowed to work
with patients.
63,1% of the participants believe that patients should be tested on HIV without their consent
before an operation or other intervention. Only 17.9% of the participants are against that.
Vast majority of the participants would work with their colleague if they found out he/she is
HIV-positive (72.4%).
Slightly less than a half of the participants believe that women living with HIV should not get
pregnant (45.0%) while 21.3% of them disagree.
Almost the three-fourths (73.5%) of the participants do not believe AIDS might be
punishment from God.
39.1% of the participants believe that a person living with HIV has the right to self-determine
who should know about it, 23.1% are not sure and 37.8% disagree.
Discrimination within health institutions to which the participants witnessed was evaluated
based on several statements. 11.3% confirmed that patient living with HIV received less
attention than other patients. 57.8% participants confirmed that additional preventive
measures were taken for sterilizing instruments used for treating patients living with
HIV/AIDS.
17.3% of the participants confirmed that patient was unnecessarily referred to another doctor
by a health worker since he/she was HIV-positive, while almost a half of the participants
(45.5%) confirmed that latex gloves were used for noninvasive examination of a patient suspected of being diagnosed with HIV. About one-fourth of the participants (25.3%)
confirmed that health worker revealed patient’s HIV status.
Regarding discrimination according to the level of healthcare, if we observe the mean value,
a statistically significant difference between the secondary and tertiary level of healthcare can
be found. The biggest discrimination is found in tertiary level and the lowest in secondary
level of healthcare.
The analysis of the mean value does not show statistically significant difference regarding
discrimination of the people living with HIV/AIDS according to the age of the interviewed
health workers.
Regarding discrimination according to profession, it is significant that doctors show less
discrimination towards HIV-positive patients than nurses/medical technicians with university
degree.
The analysis of the mean value regarding additional HIV/AIDS education shows that people
who had an additional HIV/AIDS education show significantly lesser level of discrimination
towards the people living with HIV, i.e., they better recognize and more easily make decision
to report to the supervisors any kind of discrimination towards the people living with
HIV/AIDS.
People living with HIV/AIDS
The motive for testing on HIV for more than a half of the participants was sickness (56.3%).
Of the total number of participants, 81.1% of them gave informed consent for HIV testing,
and 16.2% did not give informed consent for HIV testing. The majority of participants
(83.3%) were advised before and after HIV testing, while 16.7% of participants were not
advised neither before nor after testing. Almost all of the participants (93.5%) said that the
adviser talked to them about stigma and discrimination of people living with HIV during or
after the period of HIV testing.
The highest percentage of the participants (91.7%) said they have told someone about their
HIV status, while only 8.3% said they have not told anyone about their HIV-positive status.
Most of the people living with HIV/AIDS said they revealed their HIV status to their current
partner, then to his/her sister/ brother (56.8%), to a friend (32.6%), to a health worker
(27.9%).
The vast majority (87.5%) of the participants who had health problems/concerns in the last 12
months sought medical assistance.
Almost half of the participants (45.2%) confirmed that health worker used gloves for standard
physical examination (e.g. measuring blood pressure) due to the additional precaution. 14.0% of people living with HIV confirmed that health worker refused to provide them with a
healthcare service. 12.5% of PLWH confirmed that health worker revealed their HIV status
to other employees. 12.2% of them confirmed they were advised to visit health institution
later because health personnel working in the institution knew about their HIV-positive
status. 9.8% of the participants confirmed they have been unnecessary referred to other health
worker in the same or other health institution, 7.3% of the participants said they had to wait
longer than usual to get the health service, 5.4% claimed they have been prematurely released
from the hospital because they were HIV-positive, and 2.4% confirmed that health worker
revealed their HIV-positive status to their family.
8.7% said there was no category of health workers in particular, 25.8% said medical doctors,
19.4% nurses, 12.9% stomatology doctors and 3.2% laboratory technicians.
Conclusions
Increasing the level of health workers’ knowledge about the ways of HIV transmission and
knowledge about HIV in general, introducing and applying preventive measures for the
protection of health care workers, would substantially decrease fears among health workers
and would change their negative attitude towards people living with HIV
The Application of Petri Nets in Intelligent Transportation Systems
Inteligentni transportni sustavi se sve više upotrebljabaju u prometu i transportu. Svojim modernim pristupom rješavaju kompleksne prometne probleme. Jedan od tih načina je modeliranje dinamike Petrijevim mrežama. Petrijeve mreže su moćan grafički i matematički model za rad s diskretnim sustavima. U radu je opisano kako različiti oblici Petrijevih mreža mogu upravljati signaliziranim raskrižjima, pomoći u izboru najbolje alternativne rute ili upravljati raskrižjem na kojemu se dogodio incident. Također, prikazani su softverski alati koji su lako dostupni, a s kojima se na jednostavan način grafički prikazuju Petrijeve mreže.Intelligent transport systems are increasingly used in traffic and transport. With their modern approach, they solve complex problems in traffic. One of the approaches is modelling dynamics with Petri Nets. Petri Nets are powerful graphical and mathematical tools for discrete systems. In the paper IT will be shown how different kinds of Petri Nets can control signalized intersection, help to choose the best alternative rutes or control intersection with incidents. Also, software tools that are easily available are shown and by which Petri nets are graphically displayed in a simple way
Technical and technological cost effectiveness analysis for establishment of a printing house
Cilj je ovog rada utvrditi isplativost osnivanja tiskarske kuće u Republici Hrvatskoj (Split). U radu je primijenjen interdisciplinarni pristup: inženjerski pristup u analizi tehničko-tehnoloških rješenja i ekonomski pristup u ekonomskoj-financijskoj analizi. Naime, nakon detaljne tehničko-tehnološke analize, na temelju stvarnih okolnosti, u programskoj aplikaciji za evaluaciju investicijskih projekata simulirana su dva scenarija realizacije projekta. U oba scenarija početna ulaganja su ista, a razlika među njima proističe iz veličine naklade. Rezultati analize u ekonomsko-financijskom smislu, za oba scenarija, su prihvatljivi. To se odnosi prije svega na likvidnost, zadržanu dobit, razdoblje povrata kao i ostale pokazatelje uspješnosti poslovanja. Međutim, scenarij s manjom nakladom se procjenjuje kao realniji i zaključno kao bolji izbor za realizaciju konkretnog projekta. Prikazani investicijski projekt ima dobre pretpostavke za uspješno poslovanje.The aim of this paper is to investigate the profitability of the establishment of printing house in Croatia (Split). The paper applies an interdisciplinary approach: an engineering approach to the analysis of technical and technological solutions and economic approach to economic-financial analysis. In fact, after detailed technical analysis, based upon real circumstances, the evaluation of investment projects has been carried out by a software application. Two scenarios of the project realization, based on the actual circumstances, are simulated. Both scenarios have the same value of the initial investment, the difference between them arises from the edition size. For each scenario, results of the analysis for economic and financial terms are acceptable. This applies primarily to the high liquidity, retained profit, return on investment and other business success indicators. However, the scenario with smaller number of copies has been estimated as more realistic and ultimately inclusive as the better choice for the implementation of concrete projects. Presented investment project has good preconditions for successful business
Learning sources in Citizenship education
Današnje društvo neprekidno traži odgovore na nova pitanja i potrebe s kojima se svakodnevno susreće. Građanski odgoj i obrazovanje predstavlja međupredmetnu temu čija je svrha osnažiti i osposobiti učenike za učinkovito i aktivno obavljanje njihovih građanskih uloga, omogućava učenicima snalaženje u društvu u kojem žive, povećava pouzdanje u njihove vlastite snage i kompetencije za pronalaženje odgovora i mogućih rješenja za aktualne društvene izazove. Nacionalni okvirni kurikulum preko Građanskoga odgoja i obrazovanja osigurava učenicima, budućim aktivnim građanima, stjecanje odgovarajućih znanja, vještina i društveno osjetljivih stavova koji će ih pripremiti za život u demokratskom društvu. Provedba Građanskog odgoja i obrazovanja u odgojno-obrazovnoj praksi ovisi o učiteljima kao sudionicima odgojno-obrazovnog procesa (NN 10/2019). Upravo o njima ovisi na koji će se način Građanski odgoj i obrazovanje provoditi u školama, kako će učenici stjecati znanja i vještine te na koji će se način prema tom programu odnositi drugi sudionici u odgojno-obrazovnom procesu. Provedbom analize udžbenika iz Prirode i društva za prve i druge razrede osnovnih škola i prikazom radionica za prvi i drugi razred, ostvarila se jasnija predodžba o odgojno-obrazovnim očekivanjima učenika i ključnim pojmovima za međupredmetnu temu Građanskog odgoja.Today's society is constantly looking for answers to the new issues and needs that are encountered on a daily basis. Citizenship education is an interdisciplinary topic whose purpose is to empower and educate students for the effective and active performance of their civic roles, to enable students to find a way to live in their society, to increase their confidence in their own strengths and competences for finding answers and possible solutions to current social challenges. The National Framework Curriculum through Civic Education provides students, future active citizens, acquiring the appropriate knowledge, skills and socially sensitive attitudes that will prepare them for a life in a democratic society. Implementation of civic education in educational practice depends on teachers as participants in the educational process (NN 10/2019). It is up to them to depend on the way in which civic education is implemented in schools, how students will acquire knowledge and skills, and how other participants in the educational process will be referred to the program. Through the analysis of textbooks from nature and society for the first and second grades of elementary schools and the presentation of workshops for the first and second classes, a clearer picture of pupil's educational expectations and key concepts for the interpersonal theme of Civic Education was achieved
Learning sources in Citizenship education
Današnje društvo neprekidno traži odgovore na nova pitanja i potrebe s kojima se svakodnevno susreće. Građanski odgoj i obrazovanje predstavlja međupredmetnu temu čija je svrha osnažiti i osposobiti učenike za učinkovito i aktivno obavljanje njihovih građanskih uloga, omogućava učenicima snalaženje u društvu u kojem žive, povećava pouzdanje u njihove vlastite snage i kompetencije za pronalaženje odgovora i mogućih rješenja za aktualne društvene izazove. Nacionalni okvirni kurikulum preko Građanskoga odgoja i obrazovanja osigurava učenicima, budućim aktivnim građanima, stjecanje odgovarajućih znanja, vještina i društveno osjetljivih stavova koji će ih pripremiti za život u demokratskom društvu. Provedba Građanskog odgoja i obrazovanja u odgojno-obrazovnoj praksi ovisi o učiteljima kao sudionicima odgojno-obrazovnog procesa (NN 10/2019). Upravo o njima ovisi na koji će se način Građanski odgoj i obrazovanje provoditi u školama, kako će učenici stjecati znanja i vještine te na koji će se način prema tom programu odnositi drugi sudionici u odgojno-obrazovnom procesu. Provedbom analize udžbenika iz Prirode i društva za prve i druge razrede osnovnih škola i prikazom radionica za prvi i drugi razred, ostvarila se jasnija predodžba o odgojno-obrazovnim očekivanjima učenika i ključnim pojmovima za međupredmetnu temu Građanskog odgoja.Today's society is constantly looking for answers to the new issues and needs that are encountered on a daily basis. Citizenship education is an interdisciplinary topic whose purpose is to empower and educate students for the effective and active performance of their civic roles, to enable students to find a way to live in their society, to increase their confidence in their own strengths and competences for finding answers and possible solutions to current social challenges. The National Framework Curriculum through Civic Education provides students, future active citizens, acquiring the appropriate knowledge, skills and socially sensitive attitudes that will prepare them for a life in a democratic society. Implementation of civic education in educational practice depends on teachers as participants in the educational process (NN 10/2019). It is up to them to depend on the way in which civic education is implemented in schools, how students will acquire knowledge and skills, and how other participants in the educational process will be referred to the program. Through the analysis of textbooks from nature and society for the first and second grades of elementary schools and the presentation of workshops for the first and second classes, a clearer picture of pupil's educational expectations and key concepts for the interpersonal theme of Civic Education was achieved
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