"Vanhan" Suomen Akatemian kohtalo

Niin vanhan kuin uudenkin Suomen Akatemian historiasta on olemassa jo runsaasti kirjallisuutta. Etten tässä sanoisi vain sellaista, mitä voidaan pitää yleisesti tunnettuna, olen pyrkinyt painottamaan sanani siten, että siihen sisältyy myös henkilökohtaisia muistoja sekä eräitä aikaisemmin ehkä tuntemattomia faktoja

Sielu, aivot ja käyttäytyminen

Psykologiaa tieteenä ei voida rajoittaa käyttäytymisen tutkimukseksi, neurotieteeksi tai introspektiiviseksi fenomenologiaksi. Psykologiaa tieteenä ei voida redusoida yhteenkään edellä mainituista. Yksinkertaistetulle reduktionismille periksi antaminen typistää tiedettä, joka saa kiehtovuutensa ja sisäisen rikkautensa juuri sen tutkimuskohteiden ontologisesta moninaisuudesta

Logic without Truth?

En este trabajo se discute la posibilidad misma de una lógica de las normas, al carecer estas de valor de verdad o falsedad. La tesis de fondo es que las nociones de consecuencia y contradicción lógica en términos de valores de verdad resulta persuasiva, pero es demasiado estrecha. Por ello, el trabajo intenta brindar una caracterización de las nociones de consecuencia y contradicción lógica que muestre tanto el modo en el que ellas dependen de la noción de verdad, como asimismo el modo en el que puede decirse que la trascienden.This paper discusses the very possibility of the construction of a deontic logic inasmuch as norms lack of truth or false value. The bottom thesis is that the notions of logical consequence and contradiction in terms of truth-values are quite compelling though still too narrow. Thus the paper attempts to offer a characterisation of the notions of consequence and logical contradiction that shows both how they rely on the notion of truth as well as how they transcend it

Sobre cores. Uma fantasia lógico-filosófica

Não disponível

The philosopher as artist: Ludwig Wittgenstein seen through Edoardo Paolozzi

In this article I argue that the strong fascination that Wittgenstein has had for artists cannot be explained primarily by the content of his work, and in particular not by his sporadic observation on aesthetics, but rather by stylistic features of his work formal aspects of his writing. Edoardo Paolozzi’s testimony shows that artists often had a feeling of acquaintance or familiarity with the philosopher, which I think is due to stylistic features of his work, such as the colloquial tone in which Wittgenstein shares his observation with the reader, but also the lack of long-winded arguments or explanations. In the concluding part I suggest that we can read Wittgenstein’s artworks of a specific kind: as philosophical works of art

Sociotechnical Systems and Ethics in the Large

Advances in AI techniques and computing platforms have triggered a lively and expanding discourse on ethical decision-making by autonomous agents. Much recent work in AI concentrates on the challenges of moral decision making from a decision-theoretic perspective, and especially the representation of various ethical dilemmas. Such approaches may be useful but in general are not productive because moral decision making is as context-driven as other forms of decision making, if not more. In contrast, we consider ethics not from the standpoint of an individual agent but of the wider sociotechnical systems (STS) in which the agent operates. Our contribution in this paper is the conception of ethical STS founded on governance that takes into account stakeholder values, normative constraints on agents, and outcomes (states of the STS) that obtain due to actions taken by agents. An important element of our conception is accountability, which is necessary for adequate consideration of outcomes that prima facie appear ethical or unethical. Focusing on STSs avoids the difficult problems of ethics as the norms of the STS give an operational basis for agent decision making

The Factuality Status of Chinese Necessity Modals. Exploring the Distribution Via Corpus-Based Approach

This paper is intended to test the deontic vs anankastic hypothesis outlined by Sparvoli 2012. The stipulation is that, in past contexts, deontic modals trigger a counterfactual inference, while anankastic modals (here called ‘goal-oriented modals’) either trigger an actuality entailment effects (‘only possibility’ modals) or a generic non-factual reading (‘mere necessity’ modals). The result of this corpus-based study conducted in a Chinese-English parallel corpus confirms the crucial role played by the deontic vs goal oriented contrast in the marking of factuality in Chinese and shows that the factuality value decreases across a cline from goal-oriented to deontic modals

Genomic investigations of unexplained acute hepatitis in children

Since its first identification in Scotland, over 1,000 cases of unexplained paediatric hepatitis in children have been reported worldwide, including 278 cases in the UK1. Here we report an investigation of 38 cases, 66 age-matched immunocompetent controls and 21 immunocompromised comparator participants, using a combination of genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic and immunohistochemical methods. We detected high levels of adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV2) DNA in the liver, blood, plasma or stool from 27 of 28 cases. We found low levels of adenovirus (HAdV) and human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) in 23 of 31 and 16 of 23, respectively, of the cases tested. By contrast, AAV2 was infrequently detected and at low titre in the blood or the liver from control children with HAdV, even when profoundly immunosuppressed. AAV2, HAdV and HHV-6 phylogeny excluded the emergence of novel strains in cases. Histological analyses of explanted livers showed enrichment for T cells and B lineage cells. Proteomic comparison of liver tissue from cases and healthy controls identified increased expression of HLA class 2, immunoglobulin variable regions and complement proteins. HAdV and AAV2 proteins were not detected in the livers. Instead, we identified AAV2 DNA complexes reflecting both HAdV-mediated and HHV-6B-mediated replication. We hypothesize that high levels of abnormal AAV2 replication products aided by HAdV and, in severe cases, HHV-6B may have triggered immune-mediated hepatic disease in genetically and immunologically predisposed children