Data report: IODP Expedition 339 Site U1391: an improved splice and preliminary age model on the basis of XRF data

With the objective to reconstruct past primary production on the southwest Portuguese margin at orbital and millennial timescales through the Pleistocene, we chose to compare two sites recovered during Expedition 339 at similar latitude but different distances to the coast (Sites U1385 and U1391). Site U1385 has a well-established chronology, but for Site U1391 no isotope data are yet available. In order to develop a correct chronology without isotope data, we performed XRF analysis of cores from Holes U1391A and U1391B between 76.51 and 205.77 mbsf. With these data, in particular using log(Ca/Ti) and log(Ca/Fe), it was possible to enhance the Site U1391 splice and to establish an age model based on the correlation to the well-defined and robust Site U1385 age model.UID/Multi/04326/2019;info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

The transient IDEMIX model as a nonorographic gravity wave parameterization in an atmospheric circulation model

The Internal wave Dissipation, Energy and Mixing (IDEMIX) model presents a novel way of parameterizing internal gravity waves in the atmosphere. Using a continuous full wave spectrum in the energy balance equation and integrating over all vertical wavenumbers and frequencies results in prognostic equations for the energy density of gravity waves in multiple azimuthal compartments. It includes their non-dissipative interaction with the mean flow, allowing for an evolving and local description of momentum flux and gravity wave drag. A saturation mechanism maintains the wave field within convective stability limits, and an energetically consistent closure for critical-layer effects controls how much wave flux propagates from the troposphere into the middle atmosphere. IDEMIX can simulate zonal gravity wave drag around the mesopause, similar to a traditional gravity wave parameterization and to a state-of-the-art wave ray tracing model in an atmospheric circulation model. In addition, IDEMIX shows a reversal of the gravity wave drag around the mesopause region due to changes in the momentum flux there. When compared to empirical model data, IDEMIX captures well the summer hemisphere flow reversal, the cold summer mesospheric pole and the alternate positive and negative structures in the meridional mean flow.Comment: 21 pages, 19 figure

Data report: IODP Site U1387: the revised splice between Sections U1387B-18X-3 and U1387C-8R-3 (>171.6 mcd)

The Expedition 339 shipboard splice of Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Site U1387 deeper than ~155 meters composite depth (mcd) is based on a composite of the magnetic susceptibility and natural gamma radiation data. When generating high-resolution paleoceanographic reconstructions for the Mid-Pleistocene Transition and early Pleistocene sections of Site U1387, it quickly became obvious that proxy data misfits existed at several splice transitions. Thus, a revised splice was generated for Site U1387 below Core 339-U1387B-18X based on X-ray fluorescence– derived element records (e.g., ln[Fe/Ca]) and the stable isotope records obtained for planktonic and benthic foraminifers. Corrections were needed at most of the splice transitions below Core 339-U1387A-19X, with adjustments ranging from a few centimeters to several meters. In addition, Core 339-U1387A-33X and sections of Core 36X were integrated into the revised splice to replace Core 339-U1387C-2R and sections of Core 5R, respectively. The replacement of Core 339-U1387C-2R with Core 339-U1387A33X is an option for the intended paleoceanographic research and not essential for lower resolution studies. The splice tie point table, therefore, also includes an option for a splice that retains Core 339-U1387C-2R. The extensive revision of the shipboard splice reveals that making a splice for sediment sequences rich in contourite layers and coring disturbances (biscuiting in the extended core barrel cores) can be tricky and that data misfits at splice transitions are not necessarily a data problem but could indicate a splice problem.SFRH/BPD/111433/2015info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Overview of Glacial Atlantic Ocean Mapping (GLAMAP 2000)

GLAMAP 2000 presents new reconstructions of the Atlantic's sea surface temperatures (SST) at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), defined at both 21,500–18,000 years B.P. (“Last Isotope Maximum”) and 23,000–19,000 years B.P. (maximum glacial sea level low stand and orbital minimum of solar insolation; EPILOG working group; see Mix et al. [2001]). These reconstructions use 275 sediment cores between the North Pole and 60°S with carefully defined chronostratigraphies. Four categories of core quality are distinguished. More than 100 core sections provide a glacial record with subcentennial- to multicentennial-scale resolution. SST estimates are based on a new set of almost 1000 reference samples of modern planktic foraminifera and on improved transfer-function techniques to deduce SST from census counts of microfossils, including radiolarians and diatoms. New proxies also serve to deduce sea ice boundaries. The GLAMAP 2000 SST patterns differ significantly in crucial regions from the CLIMAP [1981] reconstruction and thus are important in providing updated boundary conditions to initiate and validate computational models for climate prediction

Palaeoclimatic events, dispersal and migratory losses along the Afro-European axis as drivers of biogeographic distribution in Sylvia warblers

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The Old World warbler genus <it>Sylvia </it>has been used extensively as a model system in a variety of ecological, genetic, and morphological studies. The genus is comprised of about 25 species, and 70% of these species have distributions at or near the Mediterranean Sea. This distribution pattern suggests a possible role for the Messinian Salinity Crisis (from 5.96-5.33 Ma) as a driving force in lineage diversification. Other species distributions suggest that Late Miocene to Pliocene Afro-tropical forest dynamics have also been important in the evolution of <it>Sylvia </it>lineages. Using a molecular phylogenetic hypothesis and other methods, we seek to develop a biogeographic hypothesis for <it>Sylvia </it>and to explicitly assess the roles of these climate-driven events.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We present the first strongly supported molecular phylogeny for <it>Sylvia</it>. With one exception, species fall into one of three strongly supported clades: one small clade of species distributed mainly in Africa and Europe, one large clade of species distributed mainly in Africa and Asia, and another large clade with primarily a circum-Mediterranean distribution. Asia is reconstructed as the ancestral area for <it>Sylvia</it>. Long-distance migration is reconstructed as the ancestral character state for the genus, and sedentary behavior subsequently evolved seven times.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Molecular clock calibration suggests that <it>Sylvia </it>arose in the early Miocene and diverged into three main clades by 12.6 Ma. Divergence estimates indicate that the Messinian Salinity Crisis had a minor impact on <it>Sylvia</it>. Instead, over-water dispersals, repeated loss of long-distance migration, and palaeo-climatic events in Africa played primary roles in <it>Sylvia </it>divergence and distribution.</p

Modeling of Surface Damage at the Si/SiO2_2-interface of Irradiated MOS-capacitors

Surface damage caused by ionizing radiation in SiO$_2$ passivated silicon particle detectors consists mainly of the accumulation of a positively charged layer along with trapped-oxide-charge and interface traps inside the oxide and close to the Si/SiO$_2$-interface. High density positive interface net charge can be detrimental to the operation of a multi-channel $n$-on-$p$ sensor since the inversion layer generated under the Si/SiO$_2$-interface can cause loss of position resolution by creating a conduction channel between the electrodes. In the investigation of the radiation-induced accumulation of oxide charge and interface traps, a capacitance-voltage characterization study of n/$\gamma$- and $\gamma$-irradiated Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) capacitors showed that close agreement between measurement and simulation were possible when oxide charge density was complemented by both acceptor- and donor-type deep interface traps with densities comparable to the oxide charges. Corresponding inter-strip resistance simulations of a $n$-on-$p$ sensor with the tuned oxide charge density and interface traps show close agreement with experimental results. The beneficial impact of radiation-induced accumulation of deep interface traps on inter-electrode isolation may be considered in the optimization of the processing parameters of isolation implants on $n$-on-$p$ sensors for the extreme radiation environments.Comment: Corresponding author: T. Peltola. 24 pages, 17 figures, 6 table

Helicobacter pylori infection associates with fecal microbiota composition and diversity

Helicobacter (H.) pylori is the most important cause for peptic ulcer disease and a risk factor for gastric carcinoma. How colonization with H. pylori affects the intestinal microbiota composition in humans is unknown. We investigated the association of H. pylori infection with intestinal microbiota composition in the population-based cohort Study-of-Health-in-Pomerania (SHIP)-TREND. Anti-H. pylori serology and H. pylori stool antigen tests were used to determine the H. pylori infection status. The fecal microbiota composition of 212 H. pylori positive subjects and 212 matched negative control individuals was assessed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. H. pylori infection was found to be significantly associated with fecal microbiota alterations and a general increase in fecal microbial diversity. In infected individuals, the H. pylori stool antigen load determined a larger portion of the microbial variation than age or sex. The highest H. pylori stool antigen loads were associated with a putatively harmful microbiota composition. This study demonstrates profound alterations in human fecal microbiota of H. pylori infected individuals. While the increased microbiota diversity associated with H. pylori infection as well as changes in abundance of specific genera could be considered to be beneficial, others may be associated with adverse health effects, reflecting the complex relationship between H. pylori and its human host

Development and characterization of thirteen microsatellite markers for the Fiscal Flycatcher (Sigelus silens) for use in phylogeographic and landscape genetics research

The Fiscal Flycatcher, Sigelus silens, is the only representative of a monotypic genus, endemic to Southern Africa, and may represent two cryptic species. Here we describe the development of thirteen microsatellite markers, and characterize polymorphism for each one. We found that all but one of our 13 loci were highly variable, each having five or more alleles. This suggests that these markers will have high variability across the species range and will be of utility in understanding the extent of gene flow among populations

Electrochemical noise and impedance of Au electrode/electrolyte interfaces enabling extracellular detection of glioma cell populations

Microelectrode arrays (MEA) record extracellular local field potentials of cells adhered to the electrodes. A disadvantage is the limited signal-to-noise ratio. The state-of-the-art background noise level is about 10 mu Vpp. Furthermore, in MEAs low frequency events are filtered out. Here, we quantitatively analyze Au electrode/electrolyte interfaces with impedance spectroscopy and noise measurements. The equivalent circuit is the charge transfer resistance in parallel with a constant phase element that describes the double layer capacitance, in series with a spreading resistance. This equivalent circuit leads to a Maxwell-Wagner relaxation frequency, the value of which is determined as a function of electrode area and molarity of an aqueous KCl electrolyte solution. The electrochemical voltage and current noise is measured as a function of electrode area and frequency and follow unambiguously from the measured impedance. By using large area electrodes the noise floor can be as low as 0.3 mu Vpp. The resulting high sensitivity is demonstrated by the extracellular detection of C6 glioma cell populations. Their minute electrical activity can be clearly detected at a frequency below about 10 Hz, which shows that the methodology can be used to monitor slow cooperative biological signals in cell populations

Charge Collection and Electrical Characterization of Neutron Irradiated Silicon Pad Detectors for the CMS High Granularity Calorimeter

The replacement of the existing endcap calorimeter in the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector for the high-luminosity LHC (HL-LHC), scheduled for 2027, will be a high granularity calorimeter. It will provide detailed position, energy, and timing information on electromagnetic and hadronic showers in the immense pileup of the HL-LHC. The High Granularity Calorimeter (HGCAL) will use 120-, 200-, and 300-$\mu\textrm{m}$ thick silicon (Si) pad sensors as the main active material and will sustain 1-MeV neutron equivalent fluences up to about $10^{16}~\textrm{n}_\textrm{eq}\textrm{cm}^{-2}$. In order to address the performance degradation of the Si detectors caused by the intense radiation environment, irradiation campaigns of test diode samples from 8-inch and 6-inch wafers were performed in two reactors. Characterization of the electrical and charge collection properties after irradiation involved both bulk polarities for the three sensor thicknesses. Since the Si sensors will be operated at -30 $^\circ$C to reduce increasing bulk leakage current with fluence, the charge collection investigation of 30 irradiated samples was carried out with the infrared-TCT setup at -30 $^\circ$C. TCAD simulation results at the lower fluences are in close agreement with the experimental results and provide predictions of sensor performance for the lower fluence regions not covered by the experimental study. All investigated sensors display 60$\%$ or higher charge collection efficiency at their respective highest lifetime fluences when operated at 800 V, and display above 90$\%$ at the lowest fluence, at 600 V. The collected charge close to the fluence of $10^{16}~\textrm{n}_\textrm{eq}\textrm{cm}^{-2}$ exceeds 1 fC at voltages beyond 800 V.Comment: 36 pages, 34 figure