Caesarean Section: Reasons for and Actions to Prevent Unnecessary Caesareans

According to data from 150 countries, the worldwide caesarean section rate increased from 7% in 1990 to 19% in 2014. Latin America and the Caribbean region reported the highest CS rate 42%, followed by North America 32%, Oceania 31%, Europe 25%, Asia 19%, and Africa 7%. This trend is accompanied by increasing reports of severe adverse outcomes, such as invasive placenta, peripartum hysterectomy, and massive obstetric bleeding. The World Health Organization stated in 2015 that caesareans are effective in saving maternal and infant lives only when they are required for medically indicated reasons and that caesarean rates higher than 10–15% at a population level are not associated with reduced maternal or newborn mortality rates. More than 90% of women claim that they want to give birth in a natural way. In contrast, recent studies suggest that the majority of planned caesareans are carried out for psychosocial or nonmedical reasons. Knowledge about the indications for caesareans is a prerequisite in order to define actions to prevent unnecessary caesareans. The aim of this chapter was to present a review of the history behind, and to evaluate the indications for, caesarean sections in order to suggest appropriate actions to prevent unnecessary caesareans

Application of Green Technologies for Recovering Aromatic Compounds From Natural Resources

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Circulating maternal cortisol levels during vaginal delivery and elective cesarean section

Maternal S-cortisol levels increase throughout pregnancy and peak in the third trimester. Even higher levels are seen during the physical stress of delivery. Since analgesia for women in labor has improved, it is possible that maternal stress during labor is reduced. The aim of this study was to compare maternal S-cortisol during vaginal delivery and elective cesarean section

District Heating De-Carbonisation in Belgrade. Multi-Year transition plan

A large share of the city of Belgrade is heated by a District Heating network. Established in 1965, the network delivers 3.6 TWh to more than 20 million square meters of households industries and businesses, by means of a 1460km-long network. The system has been continuously upgraded and adapted to new technologies and already operates at relatively low temperature, with modernized substations. However, the delivered heat is still produced mainly by means of carbon intensive technologies. Conscious of the need to de-carbonise the city, a multi-year transition plan was established, where large investments have been secured, comprising greater interconnection levels, installation of large solar thermal plants and waste incineration plants, and the conversion of a power plant into CHP, among others. In this paper, the criteria for the selection of the technologies, the identification of enabling investments, interaction with stakeholders, securing of financing, and status of the plan are presented. After the execution of the de-carbonisation roadmap, it is expected that the DH system will reduce its carbon intensity by 50%

Supercritical CO2 extract from microalga Tetradesmus obliquus: the effect of high-pressure pre-treatment

ABSTRACT: High-pressure pre-treatment followed by supercritical carbon dioxide (ScCO2) extraction (300 bar, 40 degrees C) was applied for the attainment of the lipophilic fraction of microalga Tetradesmus obliquus. The chemical profile of supercritical extracts of T. obliquus was analyzed by ultra-highperformance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization (UHPLC-ESI-HRMS). Moreover, the impact of ScCO(2 )on the microbiological and metal profile of the biomass was monitored. The application of the pre-treatment increased the extraction yield approximately three-fold compared to the control. In the obtained extracts (control and pre-treated extracts), the identified components belonged to triacylglyceroles, fatty acid derivatives, diacylglycerophosphocholines and diacylglycerophosphoserines, pigments, terpenes, and steroids. Triacylglycerols (65%) were the most dominant group of compounds in the control extract. The pre-treatment decreased the percentage of triacylglycerols to 2%, while the abundance of fatty acid derivatives was significantly increased (82%). In addition, the pre-treatment led to an increase in the percentages of carotenoids, terpenoids, and steroids. Furthermore, it was determined that ScCO2 extraction reduced the number of microorganisms in the biomass. Considering its microbiological and metal profiles, the biomass after ScCO2 can potentially be used as a safe and important source of organic compounds.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Монтажне хале као систем градње објеката у пољопривреди

A contemporary method of industrial objects structure, faster enterprises development and development of agriculture, and demand for more intensive objects structure with different purpose, and more roundly market conditions, have contributed to breaking and adoption of different systems and types of prefabricated industrial buildings. Realizable analysis have anticipated favorable perspectives for more intensive objects structure by steel as the basic supporting material, upon which convenience of industrial production and still inactivated reserve in an area of design conception and production and assembly technologies must be utilized. By analysis of powerful coefficients and assumption of optimization criteria, we can obtain considerable effects in productivity and economy enlargement during building and assembly of the supporting steel constructions. Application of the prefabricated industrial halls has a very wide spectrum, because they can be utilized as agricultural objects (poultry, cattle farms, vegetable production), a working space, closed storages, industrial plants, commercial complexes, part of fair buildings, etc. These buildings can be displaced easily, so it can satisfy the different demands based on the increased storage space, for a period of seasonal jobs in the agriculture, a big area of the halls for the period of fairs activities, etc. Preferences in the production, simple assembly technologies, and a wide application of these halls in the agriculture, will be analyzed in this paper.Савремени начин градње индустријских објеката, све бржи развој привреде, па тако и пољопривреде, као и потреба за интензивнијом изградњом објеката различите намене, а са друге стране све оштрији услови тржишта захтевају брзу градњу објеката што је довело до развоја различитих система и типова монтажно-демонтажних објеката. Спроведене анализе предвиђају повољне перспективе за интензивнију градњу објеката са челиком као основним носећим материјалом, при чему се морају искористити не само повољност индустријске производње већ и још не активиране резерве у области концепције пројектовања и технологије производње и монтаже. Анализом фактора од утицаја и предузимањем мера оптимизације могу се постићи значајни ефекти у повећању продуктивности и економичности при изградњи и монтажи носећих челичних конструкција. Примена монтажних хала је врло широког спектра, јер се исте могу користити као пољопривредни објекти (живинарске, сточарске фарме, производња поврћа), радни простор, затворена складишта, индустријски погони, комерцијални комплекси, део сајамских хала, итд. Пошто се овакве хале лако могу премештати, оне могу да задовоље повремене захтеве за повећаним складишним простором у време сезонских послова у пољопривреди, већом површином хала за време одржавања сајмова, итд. У раду ће бити анализиране предности у производњи, једноставној монтажи и демонтажи и широкој примени оваквих хала у пољопривреди

Prostaglandin treatment is associated with a withdrawal of progesterone and androgen at the receptor level in the uterine cervix

Treatment with prostaglandin(PG)-E2 is clinically efficient for cervical priming. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of PG-E2 on the expression of the progesterone (PR), androgen (AR) and glucocorticoid (GR) receptors in human uterine cervix in prolonged pregnancy

Alemtuzumab long-term immunologic effect: Treg suppressor function increases up to 24 months

To analyze changes in T-helper (Th) subsets, T-regulatory (Treg) cell percentages and function, and mRNA levels of immunologically relevant molecules during a 24-month follow-up after alemtuzumab treatment in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS)