21 research outputs found

    GLA-modified RNA treatment lowers GB3 levels in iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes from Fabry-affected individuals

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    Recent studies in non-human model systems have shown therapeutic potential of nucleoside-modified messenger RNA (modRNA) treatments for lysosomal storage diseases. Here, we assessed the efficacy of a modRNA treatment to restore the expression of the galactosidase alpha (GLA), which codes for α-Galactosidase A (α-GAL) enzyme, in a human cardiac model generated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from two individuals with Fabry disease. Consistent with the clinical phenotype, cardiomyocytes from iPSCs derived from Fabry-affected individuals showed accumulation of the glycosphingolipid Globotriaosylceramide (GB3), which is an α-galactosidase substrate. Furthermore, the Fabry cardiomyocytes displayed significant upregulation of lysosomal-associated proteins. Upon GLA modRNA treatment, a subset of lysosomal proteins were partially restored to wild-type levels, implying the rescue of the molecular phenotype associated with the Fabry genotype. Importantly, a significant reduction of GB3 levels was observed in GLA modRNA-treated cardiomyocytes, demonstrating that α-GAL enzymatic activity was restored. Together, our results validate the utility of iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes from affected individuals as a model to study disease processes in Fabry disease and the therapeutic potential of GLA modRNA treatment to reduce GB3 accumulation in the heart.</p

    Access and Unmet Needs of Orphan Drugs in 194 Countries and 6 Areas: A Global Policy Review With Content Analysis.

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    OBJECTIVES: Three hundred million people living with rare diseases worldwide are disproportionately deprived of in-time diagnosis and treatment compared with other patients. This review provides an overview of global policies that optimize development, licensing, pricing, and reimbursement of orphan drugs. METHODS: Pharmaceutical legislation and policies related to access and regulation of orphan drugs were examined from 194 World Health Organization member countries and 6 areas. Orphan drug policies (ODPs) were identified through internet search, emails to national pharmacovigilance centers, and systematic academic literature search. Texts from selected publications were extracted for content analysis. RESULTS: One hundred seventy-two drug regulation documents and 77 academic publications from 162 countries/areas were included. Ninety-two of 200 countries/areas (46.0%) had documentation on ODPs. Thirty-four subthemes from content analysis were categorized into 6 policy themes, namely, orphan drug designation, marketing authorization, safety and efficacy requirements, price regulation, incentives that encourage market availability, and incentives that encourage research and development. Countries/areas with ODPs were statistically wealthier (gross national income per capita = 10 875vs10 875 vs 3950, P < .001). Country/area income was also positively correlated with the scope of the respective ODP (correlation coefficient = 0.57, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Globally, the number of countries with an ODP has grown rapidly since 2013. Nevertheless, disparities in geographical distribution and income levels affect the establishment of ODPs. Furthermore, identified policy gaps in price regulation, incentives that encourage market availability, and incentives that encourage research and development should be addressed to improve access to available and affordable orphan drugs

    Identification of genetic variants associated with Huntington's disease progression: a genome-wide association study

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    Background Huntington's disease is caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the huntingtin gene, HTT. Age at onset has been used as a quantitative phenotype in genetic analysis looking for Huntington's disease modifiers, but is hard to define and not always available. Therefore, we aimed to generate a novel measure of disease progression and to identify genetic markers associated with this progression measure. Methods We generated a progression score on the basis of principal component analysis of prospectively acquired longitudinal changes in motor, cognitive, and imaging measures in the 218 indivduals in the TRACK-HD cohort of Huntington's disease gene mutation carriers (data collected 2008–11). We generated a parallel progression score using data from 1773 previously genotyped participants from the European Huntington's Disease Network REGISTRY study of Huntington's disease mutation carriers (data collected 2003–13). We did a genome-wide association analyses in terms of progression for 216 TRACK-HD participants and 1773 REGISTRY participants, then a meta-analysis of these results was undertaken. Findings Longitudinal motor, cognitive, and imaging scores were correlated with each other in TRACK-HD participants, justifying use of a single, cross-domain measure of disease progression in both studies. The TRACK-HD and REGISTRY progression measures were correlated with each other (r=0·674), and with age at onset (TRACK-HD, r=0·315; REGISTRY, r=0·234). The meta-analysis of progression in TRACK-HD and REGISTRY gave a genome-wide significant signal (p=1·12 × 10−10) on chromosome 5 spanning three genes: MSH3, DHFR, and MTRNR2L2. The genes in this locus were associated with progression in TRACK-HD (MSH3 p=2·94 × 10−8 DHFR p=8·37 × 10−7 MTRNR2L2 p=2·15 × 10−9) and to a lesser extent in REGISTRY (MSH3 p=9·36 × 10−4 DHFR p=8·45 × 10−4 MTRNR2L2 p=1·20 × 10−3). The lead single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in TRACK-HD (rs557874766) was genome-wide significant in the meta-analysis (p=1·58 × 10−8), and encodes an aminoacid change (Pro67Ala) in MSH3. In TRACK-HD, each copy of the minor allele at this SNP was associated with a 0·4 units per year (95% CI 0·16–0·66) reduction in the rate of change of the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS) Total Motor Score, and a reduction of 0·12 units per year (95% CI 0·06–0·18) in the rate of change of UHDRS Total Functional Capacity score. These associations remained significant after adjusting for age of onset. Interpretation The multidomain progression measure in TRACK-HD was associated with a functional variant that was genome-wide significant in our meta-analysis. The association in only 216 participants implies that the progression measure is a sensitive reflection of disease burden, that the effect size at this locus is large, or both. Knockout of Msh3 reduces somatic expansion in Huntington's disease mouse models, suggesting this mechanism as an area for future therapeutic investigation

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    Evolution, comparative biology and ontogeny of vertebrate heart regeneration

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    There are 64,000 living species of vertebrates on our planet and all of them have a heart. Comparative analyses devoted to understanding the regenerative potential of the myocardium have been performed in a dozen vertebrate species with the aim of developing regenerative therapies for human heart disease. Based on this relatively small selection of animal models, important insights into the evolutionary conservation of regenerative mechanisms have been gained. In this review, we survey cardiac regeneration studies in diverse species to provide an evolutionary context for the lack of regenerative capacity in the adult mammalian heart. Our analyses highlight the importance of cardiac adaptations that have occurred over hundreds of millions of years during the transition from aquatic to terrestrial life, as well as during the transition from the womb to an oxygen-rich environment at birth. We also discuss the evolution and ontogeny of cardiac morphological, physiological and metabolic adaptations in the context of heart regeneration. Taken together, our findings suggest that cardiac regenerative potential correlates with a low-metabolic state, the inability to regulate body temperature, low heart pressure, hypoxia, immature cardiomyocyte structure and an immature immune system. A more complete understanding of the evolutionary context and developmental mechanisms governing cardiac regenerative capacity would provide stronger scientific foundations for the translation of cardiac regeneration therapies into the clinic

    Innovations numĂ©riques et organisationnelles pour le lien social enEHPAD suite Ă  l’épidĂ©mie de Covid-19.: INNOVEHPAD

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    Parmi les personnes frappĂ©es par l’épidĂ©mie actuelle de Covid-19, les plus ĂągĂ©s de nos concitoyens ont Ă©tĂ© les plus durement touchĂ©s, et ce plus particuliĂšrement dans les EHPAD. Les mesures de confinement prises pour assurer la sĂ©curitĂ© des rĂ©sidents soulĂšvent de nombreuses questions. En premier lieu, cela interroge fortement la possibilitĂ© de prendre en compte l’ensemble des besoins des personnes ĂągĂ©es accueillies par les Ă©quipes soignantes, pour des personnes se trouvant dans les derniĂšres annĂ©es, voire les derniers mois de leur existence. Les protocoles sanitaires ont pris le pas sur la vie sociale au sein des Ă©tablissements, les animations et sorties ont Ă©tĂ© supprimĂ©es, les visites interdites, gĂ©nĂ©rant un accroissement de la souffrance psychique des rĂ©sidents, de leurs proches, ainsi que des soignants. En plein cƓur de la crise, les personnels de ces Ă©tablissements mĂ©dico-sociaux ont tentĂ© d’adapter leurs pratiques, pour rĂ©pondre notamment aux besoins de socialisation des rĂ©sidents, avec l’appui des instances territoriales. Le Conseil DĂ©partemental du Bas-Rhin a distribuĂ© 300 tablettes numĂ©riques, afin de permettre une « socialisation Ă  distance » pour les rĂ©sidents. Ce type d’initiative, prise dans l’urgence, nĂ©cessite d’analyser les effets de ces solutions numĂ©riques, en vue de leur pĂ©rennisation, dans une optique d’innovation managĂ©riale, organisationnelle, sociale et technologique au service d’un « mieux vivre » et d’un « bien vieillir », jusqu’au terme de l’existence. Nous relevons plusieurs points saillants, Ă  partir d’entretiens menĂ©s avec des directeurs et directrices, ainsi que de la lecture d’articles de presse, qu’il importe d’interroger. La question de l’utilisabilitĂ© des outils numĂ©riques par les personnes ĂągĂ©es, atteintes de troubles psychiques, cognitifs et d’incapacitĂ©s physiques nous semble primordiale. Les effets de la socialisation Ă  distance, en termes de participation sociale des personnes ĂągĂ©es et d’impacts sur leur santĂ© et bien/ĂȘtre physique et psychique nous semble Ă©galement centrale. Cela soulĂšve aussi des questions en termes de compĂ©tences et de besoins de formation des soignants, tant Ă  l’usage des outils en soi qu’à l’accompagnement des rĂ©sidents, en tenant compte de leurs capacitĂ©s et de leurs incapacitĂ©s (physiques, psychiques et/ou cognitives). In fine, cela interroge quant Ă  la nĂ©cessitĂ© de repenser les pratiques managĂ©riales au sein des Ă©tablissements, l’intĂ©gration de ces outils impactant les pratiques d’accompagnement Ă  la vie sociale ainsi que celles de soins. Aussi, la problĂ©matique collective que nous soulevons et qui guidera nos investigations est la suivante : Qu’est-ce que le rapport des individus (personnes ĂągĂ©es, proches, professionnels), des groupes, des organisations et des institutions, Ă  l’usage des outils numĂ©riques dĂ©ployĂ©s dans le cadre des mesures de distanciation sociale liĂ©es Ă  l’épidĂ©mie de Covid-19, nous permet de comprendre des effets dĂ©sorganisateurs et rĂ©organisateurs sur les pratiques d’accompagnement et de soins en EHPAD ? Quels ont Ă©tĂ© les impacts du recours aux outils numĂ©riques sur le lien social (entre rĂ©sidents, entre les rĂ©sidents et leurs familles, entre les rĂ©sidents et les soignants, entre soignants) ? GrĂące Ă  l’approche systĂ©mique que nous proposons, nous objectiverons les conditions psychiques, sociales, managĂ©riales, de santĂ©, de compĂ©tences, etc. qui influencent l’usage de ces dispositifs numĂ©riques, afin d’identifier les configurations favorables au soutien et au dĂ©veloppement du lien social des rĂ©sidents. Nous formaliserons Ă©galement les apprentissages, tant organisationnels qu’individuels, induits par la gestion de la crise et de l’aprĂšs-crise, susceptibles d’amĂ©liorer la rĂ©silience du systĂšme de gestion de la « dĂ©pendance », Ă  l’échelle du territoire

    Innovations numĂ©riques et organisationnelles pour le lien social enEHPAD suite Ă  l’épidĂ©mie de Covid-19.: INNOVEHPAD

    No full text
    Parmi les personnes frappĂ©es par l’épidĂ©mie actuelle de Covid-19, les plus ĂągĂ©s de nos concitoyens ont Ă©tĂ© les plus durement touchĂ©s, et ce plus particuliĂšrement dans les EHPAD. Les mesures de confinement prises pour assurer la sĂ©curitĂ© des rĂ©sidents soulĂšvent de nombreuses questions. En premier lieu, cela interroge fortement la possibilitĂ© de prendre en compte l’ensemble des besoins des personnes ĂągĂ©es accueillies par les Ă©quipes soignantes, pour des personnes se trouvant dans les derniĂšres annĂ©es, voire les derniers mois de leur existence. Les protocoles sanitaires ont pris le pas sur la vie sociale au sein des Ă©tablissements, les animations et sorties ont Ă©tĂ© supprimĂ©es, les visites interdites, gĂ©nĂ©rant un accroissement de la souffrance psychique des rĂ©sidents, de leurs proches, ainsi que des soignants. En plein cƓur de la crise, les personnels de ces Ă©tablissements mĂ©dico-sociaux ont tentĂ© d’adapter leurs pratiques, pour rĂ©pondre notamment aux besoins de socialisation des rĂ©sidents, avec l’appui des instances territoriales. Le Conseil DĂ©partemental du Bas-Rhin a distribuĂ© 300 tablettes numĂ©riques, afin de permettre une « socialisation Ă  distance » pour les rĂ©sidents. Ce type d’initiative, prise dans l’urgence, nĂ©cessite d’analyser les effets de ces solutions numĂ©riques, en vue de leur pĂ©rennisation, dans une optique d’innovation managĂ©riale, organisationnelle, sociale et technologique au service d’un « mieux vivre » et d’un « bien vieillir », jusqu’au terme de l’existence. Nous relevons plusieurs points saillants, Ă  partir d’entretiens menĂ©s avec des directeurs et directrices, ainsi que de la lecture d’articles de presse, qu’il importe d’interroger. La question de l’utilisabilitĂ© des outils numĂ©riques par les personnes ĂągĂ©es, atteintes de troubles psychiques, cognitifs et d’incapacitĂ©s physiques nous semble primordiale. Les effets de la socialisation Ă  distance, en termes de participation sociale des personnes ĂągĂ©es et d’impacts sur leur santĂ© et bien/ĂȘtre physique et psychique nous semble Ă©galement centrale. Cela soulĂšve aussi des questions en termes de compĂ©tences et de besoins de formation des soignants, tant Ă  l’usage des outils en soi qu’à l’accompagnement des rĂ©sidents, en tenant compte de leurs capacitĂ©s et de leurs incapacitĂ©s (physiques, psychiques et/ou cognitives). In fine, cela interroge quant Ă  la nĂ©cessitĂ© de repenser les pratiques managĂ©riales au sein des Ă©tablissements, l’intĂ©gration de ces outils impactant les pratiques d’accompagnement Ă  la vie sociale ainsi que celles de soins. Aussi, la problĂ©matique collective que nous soulevons et qui guidera nos investigations est la suivante : Qu’est-ce que le rapport des individus (personnes ĂągĂ©es, proches, professionnels), des groupes, des organisations et des institutions, Ă  l’usage des outils numĂ©riques dĂ©ployĂ©s dans le cadre des mesures de distanciation sociale liĂ©es Ă  l’épidĂ©mie de Covid-19, nous permet de comprendre des effets dĂ©sorganisateurs et rĂ©organisateurs sur les pratiques d’accompagnement et de soins en EHPAD ? Quels ont Ă©tĂ© les impacts du recours aux outils numĂ©riques sur le lien social (entre rĂ©sidents, entre les rĂ©sidents et leurs familles, entre les rĂ©sidents et les soignants, entre soignants) ? GrĂące Ă  l’approche systĂ©mique que nous proposons, nous objectiverons les conditions psychiques, sociales, managĂ©riales, de santĂ©, de compĂ©tences, etc. qui influencent l’usage de ces dispositifs numĂ©riques, afin d’identifier les configurations favorables au soutien et au dĂ©veloppement du lien social des rĂ©sidents. Nous formaliserons Ă©galement les apprentissages, tant organisationnels qu’individuels, induits par la gestion de la crise et de l’aprĂšs-crise, susceptibles d’amĂ©liorer la rĂ©silience du systĂšme de gestion de la « dĂ©pendance », Ă  l’échelle du territoire

    Persistent fibrosis, hypertrophy and sarcomere disorganisation after endoscopyguided heart resection in adult Xenopus

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    Models of cardiac repair are needed to understand mechanisms underlying failure to regenerate in human cardiac tissue. Such studies are currently dominated by the use of zebrafish and mice. Remarkably, it is between these two evolutionary separated species that the adult cardiac regenerative capacity is thought to be lost, but causes of this difference remain largely unknown. Amphibians, evolutionary positioned between these two models, are of particular interest to help fill this lack of knowledge. We thus developed an endoscopybased resection method to explore the consequences of cardiac injury in adult Xenopus laevis. This method allowed in situ live heart observation, standardised tissue amputation size and reproducibility. During the first week following amputation, gene expression of cell proliferation markers remained unchanged, whereas those relating to sarcomere organisation decreased and markers of inflammation, fibrosis and hypertrophy increased. One-month post-amputation, fibrosis and hypertrophy were evident at the injury site, persisting through 11 months. Moreover, cardiomyocyte sarcomere organisation deteriorated early following amputation, and was not completely recovered as far as 11 months later. We conclude that the adult Xenopus heart is unable to regenerate, displaying cellular and molecular marks of scarring. Our work suggests that, contrary to urodeles and teleosts, with the exception of medaka, adult anurans share a cardiac injury outcome similar to adult mammals. This observation is at odds with current hypotheses that link loss of cardiac regenerative capacity with acquisition of homeothermy

    Transduction Efficiency of Zika Virus E Protein Pseudotyped HIV-1<i>gfp</i> and Its Oncolytic Activity Tested in Primary Glioblastoma Cell Cultures

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    The development of new tools against glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most aggressive and common cancer originating in the brain, remains of utmost importance. Lentiviral vectors (LVs) are among the tools of future concepts, and pseudotyping offers the possibility of tailoring LVs to efficiently transduce and inactivate GBM tumor cells. Zika virus (ZIKV) has a specificity for GBM cells, leaving healthy brain cells unharmed, which makes it a prime candidate for the development of LVs with a ZIKV coat. Here, primary GBM cell cultures were transduced with different LVs encased with ZIKV envelope variants. LVs were generated by using the pNLgfpAM plasmid, which produces the lentiviral, HIV-1-based, core particle with GFP (green fluorescent protein) as a reporter (HIVgfp). Using five different GBM primary cell cultures and three laboratory-adapted GBM cell lines, we showed that ZIKV/HIVgfp achieved a 4–6 times higher transduction efficiency compared to the commonly used VSV/HIVgfp. Transduced GBM cell cultures were monitored over a period of 9 days to identify GFP+ cells to study the oncolytic effect due to ZIKV/HIVgfp entry. Tests of GBM tumor specificity by transduction of GBM tumor and normal brain cells showed a high specificity for GBM cells
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