¿Cómo el crowdfunding puede impulsar el emprendimiento, la innovación y transformar la banca tradicional en Colombia?

Este trabajo se enfoca en hacer una caracterización del Crowdfunding como alternativa de financiación a la banca tradicional, para los proyectos de emprendedores y de pequeñas empresas que no pueden acceder al crédito por diversas razones -- Se estudian las características fundamentales de este modelo, su evolución y desarrollo, los tipos de Crowdfunding existentes y su alcance, las principales plataformas y los retos de la banca tradicional dada la aparición del modelo; examinando cómo puede convertirse en un mecanismo viable para el financiamiento de proyectos empresariales y sociales -- Con base en el reporte del crédito en Colombia emitido por el Banco de la República (2014), se analizan las principales causales de negación de los créditos y el acceso al crédito de las empresas según su tamaño, entendiendo cómo puede la deficiente oferta de financiación afectar el desarrollo de ecosistemas de emprendimiento e innovación en el país, y en general en América Latina -- Se analiza el panorama local e internacional del Crowdfunding, utilizando como base informes y reportes emitidos por entidades reconocidas como el Banco Mundial y el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) -- Con este trabajo se busca entender el potencial del Crowdfunding como vehículo de financiación, haciendo un llamado a las instituciones públicas y privadas del país a familiarizarse con el modelo y analizar cómo se puede adaptar a la economía loca

Effect of Ampicillin on the kinetics of colonization of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Lactobacillus fermentum in the respiratory tract of mice

Ampicillin was selected to further study the effect of this antibiotic on the colonization capability of S. pneumoniae and L. fermentum intranasally inoculated in a mice experimental model. The sensitivity of S. pneumoniae and L. fermentum to antibiotics was evaluated by different "in vitro" techniques. The results showed that both microorganisms have a typical pattern of sensitivity to antibiotics in these assays. The "in vivo" experiments showed that the treatment with Ampicillin increased the number of lactobacilli and neumococci in the groups of mice treated only with one of the microorganisms. In those mice treated with Lactobacillus, challenged later with neumococci and treated with Ampicillin, the pathogen in lung decreased on the 4(th )day, disappearing completely after on. The histological studies showed that the antibiotic treatment decreased the inflammatory response produced by the pathogen at the lung and trachea levels

ATM inhibition blocks glucose metabolism and amplifies the sensitivity of resistant lung cancer cell lines to oncogene driver inhibitors

Background: ATM is a multifunctional serine/threonine kinase that in addition to its well-established role in DNA repair mechanisms is involved in a number of signaling pathways including regulation of oxidative stress response and metabolic diversion of glucose through the pentose phosphate pathway. Oncogene-driven tumorigenesis often implies the metabolic switch from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis which provides metabolic intermediates to sustain cell proliferation. The aim of our study is to elucidate the role of ATM in the regulation of glucose metabolism in oncogene-driven cancer cells and to test whether ATM may be a suitable target for anticancer therapy. Methods: Two oncogene-driven NSCLC cell lines, namely H1975 and H1993 cells, were treated with ATM inhibitor, KU55933, alone or in combination with oncogene driver inhibitors, WZ4002 or crizotinib. Key glycolytic enzymes, mitochondrial complex subunits (OXPHOS), cyclin D1, and apoptotic markers were analyzed by Western blotting. Drug-induced toxicity was assessed by MTS assay using stand-alone or combined treatment with KU55933 and driver inhibitors. Glucose consumption, pyruvate, citrate, and succinate levels were also analyzed in response to KU55933 treatment. Both cell lines were transfected with ATM-targeted siRNA or non-targeting siRNA and then exposed to treatment with driver inhibitors. Results: ATM inhibition deregulates and inhibits glucose metabolism by reducing HKII, p-PKM2Tyr105, p-PKM2Ser37, E1α subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, and all subunits of mitochondrial complexes except ATP synthase. Accordingly, glucose uptake and pyruvate concentrations were reduced in response to ATM inhibition, whereas citrate and succinate levels were increased in both cell lines indicating the supply of alternative metabolic substrates. Silencing of ATM resulted in similar changes in glycolytic cascade and OXPHOS levels. Furthermore, the driver inhibitors amplified the effects of ATM downregulation on glucose metabolism, and the combined treatment with ATM inhibitors enhanced the cytotoxic effect of driver inhibitors alone by increasing the apoptotic response. Conclusions: Inhibition of ATM reduced both glycolytic enzymes and OXPHOS levels in oncogene-driven cancer cells and enhanced apoptosis induced by driver inhibitors thus highlighting the possibility to use ATM and the driver inhibitors in combined regimens of anticancer therapy in vivo

Nivel de conocimientos de la enfermedad COVID-19 en pacientes diagnosticados en un centro de salud de San Martin de Porres-2021

La presente investigación tiene como Objetivo: Determinar el nivel de conocimiento de la enfermedad por COVID-19 en pacientes diagnosticados en un centro de salud del distrito de San Martin de Porres– 2022. Metodología: Cuantitativa de corte transversal, correlacional y descriptivo. La muestra se conformó por 152 pacientes diagnosticados de Covid-19. La recolección de datos se realizó con el cuestionario llamado “Nivel de conocimiento de la enfermedad por Covid-19”. Se aplicó un cuestionario con 25 ítems, validado por 05 jueces expertos con Aiken mayor a 0.60 y la confiabilidad con alfa de Cronbach para nivel de conocimiento de 0,88. Los datos recolectados se expresaron en frecuencias y porcentajes. Resultado: El 64% de encuestados tuvieron un nivel medio de conocimientos de la enfermedad por Covid-19, el 84% de encuestados tuvieron a un nivel de conocimiento medio sobre la enfermedad del Covid-19 según la dimensión información y el 57% de encuestados tuvieron un nivel medio sobre la enfermedad de Covid-19 según la dimensión cuidados preventivos. Conclusiones: Los pacientes diagnosticados de Covid-19 que fueron encuestados presentan un nivel de conocimiento medio acerca de la enfermedad.The objective: of this research is to determine the level of knowledge of the COVID-19 disease in patients diagnosed in a health center in the district of San Martin de Porres - 2022. Methodology: Quantitative cross-sectional, correlational and descriptive. The sample consisted of 152 patients diagnosed with Covid-19. The data collection was carried out with the questionnaire called "Level of knowledge of the disease by Covid-19". A questionnaire with 25 items was applied, validated by 05 expert judges with Aiken greater than 0.60 and reliability with Cronbach's alpha for a level of knowledge of 0.88. The data collected was expressed in frequencies and percentages. Result: 64% of respondents had a medium level of knowledge about the Covid-19 disease, 84% of respondents had a medium level of knowledge about the Covid-19 disease according to the information dimension and 57% of respondents they had a medium level on the Covid-19 disease according to the preventive care dimension. Conclusions: The patients diagnosed with Covid-19 who were surveyed present a medium level of knowledge about the disease

New Synthetic Nitro-Pyrrolomycins as Promising Antibacterial and Anticancer Agents

Pyrrolomycins (PMs) are polyhalogenated antibiotics known as powerful biologically active compounds, yet featuring high cytotoxicity. The present study reports the antibacterial and antitumoral properties of new chemically synthesized PMs, where the three positions of the pyrrolic nucleus were replaced by nitro groups, aiming to reduce their cytotoxicity while maintaining or even enhancing the biological activity. Indeed, the presence of the nitro substituent in diverse positions of the pyrrole determined an improvement of the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) against Gram-positive (i.e., Staphylococcus aureus) or -negative (i.e., Pseudomonas aeruginosa) pathogen strains as compared to the natural PM-C. Moreover, some new nitro-PMs were as active as or more than PM-C in inhibiting the proliferation of colon (HCT116) and breast (MCF 7) cancer cell lines and were less toxic towards normal epithelial (hTERT RPE-1) cells. Altogether, our findings contribute to increase the knowledge of the mode of action of these promising molecules and provide a basis for their rationale chemical or biological manipulation

Chemical risk in hospital settings: Overview on monitoring strategies and international regulatory aspects

Chemical risk in hospital settings is a growing concern that health professionals and supervisory authorities must deal with daily. Exposure to chemical risk is quite different depending on the hospital department involved and might origin from multiple sources, such as the use of sterilizing agents, disinfectants, detergents, solvents, heavy metals, dangerous drugs, and anesthetic gases. Improving prevention procedures and constantly monitoring the presence and level of potentially toxic substances, both in workers (biological monitoring) and in working environments (environmental monitoring), might significantly reduce the risk of exposure and contaminations. The purpose of this article is to present an overview on this subject, which includes the current international regulations, the chemical pollutants to which medical and paramedical personnel are mainly exposed, and the strategies developed to improve safety conditions for all healthcare workers.&nbsp

Environmental and biological monitoring of formaldehyde inside a hospital setting: a combined approach to manage chemical risk in workplaces

Background: The safety of healthcare workers exposed to formaldehyde remains a great matter of concern for healthcare management units. This work aimed at describing the results of a combined monitoring approach (environmental and biological) to manage occupational exposure to formaldehyde in a hospital setting.Design and Methods: Environmental monitoring of working spaces and biological monitoring of urinary formaldehyde in 16 exposed healthcare workers of the Anatomic Pathology Unit of a University Hospital in Southern Italy was performed on a four-year timescale (2016-2019).Results: Values of aero-dispersed formaldehyde identified were on average low; although workers' urinary formaldehyde levels were also minimal, the statistical analysis highlighted a slight weekly accumulation.Conclusions: Our data confirm that both environmental and biological monitoring are important to identify risk situations, in particular when values of hazardous compounds are below the accepted occupational exposure levels

FRECUENCIA DE NEOPLASIAS CANINAS EN LIMA: ESTUDIO RETROSPECTIVO EN EL PERIODO 1995-2006

Canine histopathological records from de Pathology Laboratory of the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, during the period of 1995-2006 were evaluated for determining the frequency of neoplasias in relation to sex, age, breed, cellular origin, and localization. Out of 4438 canine records, 1092 corresponded to neoplasia (24.6%). Higher tumoral frequency was found in age groups of 5 to <9 (37.1%) and ≥9 (35.6%) years old. None differences were found due to sex, but the Boxer breed was the most affected (12.1%). Malignant neoplasias were most frequent (64.9%) than benign ones, where the transmissible venereal tumor was the most frequent benign tumor and the mammary adenocarcinoma was the most frequent malign tumor. Skin and subcutaneous tissue (39.5%) and mammary gland (16.7%) were the most common sites for neoplasias.Se evaluaron las fichas correspondientes a la especie canina del Laboratorio de Patología de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, de los años 1995-2006, para evaluar la frecuencia de neoplasias diagnosticadas histopatológicamente. Se consideraron las variables sexo, edad, raza, origen celular y localización. De 4438 fichas en caninos, 1092 casos correspondieron a neoplasias (24.6%). En los grupos etáreos de 5 a <9 y ≥9 años se encontró la mayor frecuencia de neoplasias (37.1 y 35.6%, respectivamente). No se encontró diferencias entre sexos, pero los canes de raza Boxer fueron los más afectados (12.1%). Las neoplasias malignas fueron más frecuentes (64.9%) que las benignas, siendo el tumor venéreo transmisible la neoplasia más frecuente dentro los tumores benignos y el adenocarcinoma mamario el más frecuente dentro los tumores malignos. Las neoplasias de origen epitelial (39.5%) y a nivel de la glándula mamaria (16.7%) fueron las más frecuentes

Los rincones del saber, aprendiendo fuera del contexto escolar propuesta educativo pedagógica para hoteles

Licenciado (a) en Pedagogía InfantilPregrad

Genetic and molecular characterization of the human osteosarcoma 3AB-OS cancer stem cell line: a possible model for studying osteosarcoma origin and stemness.

Finding new treatments targeting cancer stem cells (CSCs) within a tumor seems to be critical to halt cancer and improve patient survival. Osteosarcoma is an aggressive tumor affecting adolescents, for which there is no second-line chemotherapy. Uncovering new molecular mechanisms underlying the development of osteosarcoma and origin of CSCs is crucial to identify new possible therapeutic strategies. Here, we aimed to characterize genetically and molecularly the human osteosarcoma 3AB-OS CSC line, previously selected from MG63 cells and which proved to have both in vitro and in vivo features of CSCs. Classic cytogenetic studies demonstrated that 3AB-OS cells have hypertriploid karyotype with 71–82 chromosomes. By comparing 3AB-OS CSCs to the parental cells, array CGH, Affymetrix microarray, and TaqMan1 Human MicroRNA array analyses identified 49 copy number variations (CNV), 3,512 dysregulated genes and 189 differentially expressed miRNAs. Some of the chromosomal abnormalities and mRNA/miRNA expression profiles appeared to be congruent with those reported in human osteosarcomas. Bioinformatic analyses selected 196 genes and 46 anticorrelated miRNAs involved in carcinogenesis and stemness. For the first time, a predictive network is also described for two miRNA family (let-7/98 and miR-29a,b,c) and their anticorrelated mRNAs (MSTN, CCND2, Lin28B, MEST, HMGA2, and GHR), which may represent new biomarkers for osteosarcoma and may pave the way for the identification of new potential therapeutic targets