The dodecagon of internationalisation : a theoretical integration model

Internationalisation is characterised by a varied analytical perspective. An extensive body of literature has been produced in this area as a result of the different approaches taken in research, and this has unquestionably enriched scientific debate. Nevertheless, the theoretical review we carried out shows us that the different focuses that exist have imposed a degree of divergence and counter position when determining the key factors that explain the internationalisation of companies. The main objective of this study, therefore, is to make a representative proposal for an eclectic exposition, so as to establish a solid, synthetic, complementary base. To this end, we present the dodecagon of internationalisation as a tool and, at the same time, demonstrable proof of the feasibility of theoretical integration within this subject field.peer-reviewe

The Internationalization of the Firm and the Multinational Enterprise: a Contemporary Conceptual Review

The growing phenomenon of globalization is generating a new and more complex economic environment. It influence in the management of companies, which has to introduced new variables of management. Therefore it implies to redefine some terms and concepts that seems to be sufficiently consolidated in the science of the economy. They are numerous problems for delimiting ancient concepts in actual environment. From this perspective, we will define an updated concept of internationalization and multinational company. Both of them are complex and, sometimes, ambiguous phenomenon with a high grade of heterogeneity, so they are difficult to define. To resolve the problem, we will propose a new terminology to enumerate the variety of implantations or foreign branches.Internationalization, Multinational Company, Foreign Direct Investment, Foreign Implantations.

From the Triple Helix model to the Global Open Innovation model a case study based on international cooperation for innovation in Dominican Republic

[Abstract]: This study presents a case study research that sets out the process of designing the Dominican Republic’s RDI strategy during the period 2001-2007 and the role played by international cooperation in that process. We discuss the Triple Helix model as framework, and the use of a new approach that can be transferred to other countries. The results have validated some of the model’s assumptions, but they have also confirmed the existence of certain explanatory limitations in it. In order to rectify them, a new model –the Global Open Innovation model– has been proposed as alternative approach to the innovation transfer

Internationalization as process of value distribution through innovation: Polyhedral diagnosis of a ‘born global’ firm

[Abstract]: Purpose: Technology applied to learning is blurring the traditional outlines of the relations between publishing and technology industries, moving the internationalization strategy away from a gradual perspective towards accelerated internationalization. This paper provides a conceptual model of polyhedral diagnosis of market entry strategy (PODMES model) for ‘born global’ firms involved in e-learning industries. Design/methodology/approach: The use of the case study methodology allowed apply PODMES model to a ‘born global’ firm of the e-learning industry. Findings: Results confirm that `born global´ firms in the e-learning industry can adopt behaviors contrary to those expected in the literature. These behaviors imply new entry patterns by creating a new strategic partner-supplier-client-competitor relations that extends the traditional analysis of the internal value chain to a process of value distribution through product and technology alliances. Originality/value: This research provides two main contributions: First, an advance upon previous research into ‘born global’ firms, through deep analysis of a case study that offers new findings regarding the phenomenon studied. It permits to align this research with previous analysis, following a strict case study methodology approach. Second, this study offers the application of a new methodology (PODMES model) that integrates the most relevant theories of internationalization (Factorial Dodecagon) within the five contingencies of entry market and the design of a strategic profile of internationalizatio

Analysis of the growth of the e-learning industry through sustainable business model archetypes: A case study.

[Abstract]: Information and communication technologies applied to education through e-learning innovative solutions emerge as a relevant driver of change in the publishing industry, involving not only the supply of new educational resources, but also a reduction of paper consumption used in the traditional book edition. The dual goal of this paper is, firstly, to identify sustainable business model archetypes that illustrate the behavior and potential growth of firms in the e-learning industry and, secondly, to provide evidence of the existence of these archetypes through the study of strategic actions and managerial perceptions in a case study of rapid internationalization in this industry. The analysis follows a two-stage method. First, the main behaviors of e-learning firms are identified and grouped in sustainable business archetypes and the research proposals defined. Then these proposals are applied to a case study of the e-learning industry. This analysis furnishes evidence to conclude that the alliance of software firms with publishers becomes a driver that allows e-learning firms to overcome some of the limits of their growth model and maintain sustainable business models

NETEX and the pinnacle of E-LEARNING: in search of the American dream

It is a decisional business case study. The decision is about the process of internationalization of NETEX, an organization that develops e-learning solutions.The case shows the steps taken by the team led by Carlos Ezquerro, general director of NETEX, from the creation of the company in 1997 until the summer of 2014. NETEX's growth model is based on internal growth, at the pace of other investors and financial support, which was limited by the economic crisis of 2008.The case is described from the point of view of Carlos Ezquerro, founder and director of NETEX, along with some other comments from Ricardo Álvarez, director of internationalization of the firm.The learning objective for the students is to analyse the decisions to be taken by considering the history of a company that is very clear about its objectives and its positioning strategy, but that has several alternatives in its internationalization model

A financial immunization study using principal component analysis: the case of the Spanish public debt market

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.[ES] El objetivo de las estrategias de inmunización financiera es evitar el riesgo derivado de posibles variaciones en los tipos de interés. Los modelos de inmunización financiera propuestos con este propósito, se pueden clasificar en tres grupos: modelos unifactoriales basados en medidas únicas de duración, modelos multifactoriales basados en un conjunto de medidas de duración y modelos sustentados en medidas de Dispersión. En este trabajo, circunscrito al mercado español de deuda pública, se ha simulado el comportamiento de los modelos unifactoriales (sustentados en variaciones aditivas, multiplicativas y multiplicativas según vencimiento)y comparado los resultados generados con los de los modelos multifactoriales basados en el análisis de componentes principales.[EN] The objective of the financial immunization’s strategies is to avoid the risk due to possible variations on the interest rates. The financial immunization models proposed for this aim can be classified in three groups: single-factor models based on unique duration measures, multifactorial models based on a set of duration measures and models based on spread measures. In this work, from Spanish government bond market data, we simulate the spread model based in the use of multifactorial models and compare the results with those obtained applying single-factor models, based on additive, multiplicative and multiplicative depending on term shifts of yield curve variations.Este trabajo se enmarca dentro del proyecto de investigación 1/UPV 00166.321-H-15324/2003 de la Universidad del País Vasco

Inmunización financiera y m2: comportamiento en el mercado español de deuda pública

The objective of the financial inmunization’s strategies is to avoid the risk due to possible variations on the interest rates. The financial inmunization models proposed for this aim can be classified in three gropus: single-factor models based on unique duration measures, multifactorial models based on a set of duration measures and models based on spread measures. In this work, from Spanish government bond market data, we simulate the spread model based in the use of M2 measure and comparate the results with those obtained applyng single-factor models, based on additive, multiplicative and multiplicative depending on term shifts of yield curve

Healthcare workers hospitalized due to COVID-19 have no higher risk of death than general population. Data from the Spanish SEMI-COVID-19 Registry

Aim To determine whether healthcare workers (HCW) hospitalized in Spain due to COVID-19 have a worse prognosis than non-healthcare workers (NHCW). Methods Observational cohort study based on the SEMI-COVID-19 Registry, a nationwide registry that collects sociodemographic, clinical, laboratory, and treatment data on patients hospitalised with COVID-19 in Spain. Patients aged 20-65 years were selected. A multivariate logistic regression model was performed to identify factors associated with mortality. Results As of 22 May 2020, 4393 patients were included, of whom 419 (9.5%) were HCW. Median (interquartile range) age of HCW was 52 (15) years and 62.4% were women. Prevalence of comorbidities and severe radiological findings upon admission were less frequent in HCW. There were no difference in need of respiratory support and admission to intensive care unit, but occurrence of sepsis and in-hospital mortality was lower in HCW (1.7% vs. 3.9%; p = 0.024 and 0.7% vs. 4.8%; p<0.001 respectively). Age, male sex and comorbidity, were independently associated with higher in-hospital mortality and healthcare working with lower mortality (OR 0.211, 95%CI 0.067-0.667, p = 0.008). 30-days survival was higher in HCW (0.968 vs. 0.851 p<0.001). Conclusions Hospitalized COVID-19 HCW had fewer comorbidities and a better prognosis than NHCW. Our results suggest that professional exposure to COVID-19 in HCW does not carry more clinical severity nor mortality

El crecimiento de un grupo empresarial a través de la internacionalización: el caso de Cie Automotive

El crecimiento empresarial ha sido, es y será uno de los fenómenos más estudiados dentro de la Economía de la Empresa. Su doble perspectiva, como objetivo y como estrategia empresarial, le convierte en uno de los fenómenos empresariales objeto de estudio dotado de una mayor cantidad de enfoques analíticos y de ámbitos de decisión. El que nos ocupa en este trabajo es el relacionado con la estrategia de internacionalización, que se ha convertido en uno de los vectores clave de crecimiento más utilizado por las empresas en este entorno actual cada vez más globalizado. El crecimiento, en general y la internacionalización, en particular, como fenómenos empresariales con muchos matices requieren de metodologías de investigación que sean capaces de recoger toda su complejidad. En este sentido, el estudio de casos se ha erigido en los últimos tiempos como una de las metodologías de investigación científica �no habituales� con creciente utilización en las diversas áreas de la Economía de la Empresa. Nuestro objetivo en este trabajo es analizar un caso ilustrativo de crecimiento de un grupo empresarial a través de la internacionalización, el caso de CIE Automotive, utilizando un modelo estratégico de internacionalización como modelo teórico y un diseño metodológico para el empleo del estudio de casos en la investigación científica