Moacyr Sciliar em três tempos: notas sobre uma entrevista inédita

This article contextualizes an unpublished interview with Brazilian writer Moacyr Scliar (deceased in 2011) about his novel Sonhos tropicais. After a brief introduction on the author and the circumstances surrounding his dialogue with the interviewer, the essay unfolds in three interrelated parts focusing on the three time periods referenced: the past, the present and the future. The past addresses Scliar’s comments on the interplay of history and fiction in his novel while also touching on the particularities of historical fiction and historiographical metafiction. The present features his opinions on sociopolitical issues of the 90’s. The future reveals the writer’s “prophecies” on the evolution of Brazilian literature.Este artículo contextualiza una entrevista inédita al escritor brasileño Moacyr Scliar (fallecido en 2011) en torno a su novela Sonhos tropicais. Tras una breve introducción sobre el autor y las circunstancias que enmarcaron su diálogo con la entrevistadora, el ensayo se desarrolla en tres partes entrelazadas que enfocan, respectivamente, el pasado, el presente y el futuro como tiempos de referencia. El pasado incluye las reflexiones de Scliar sobre la interacción entre la historia y la ficción en su novela. Recoge también algunas consideraciones acerca del género de la ficción histórica y de la perspectiva metaficcional historiográfica. El presente se centra en asuntos sociopolíticos de la década del ‘90 abordados por el autor. El futuro revela sus “profecías” relativas a la evolución de la literatura brasileña.Este artigo contextualiza uma entrevista inédita ao escritor brasileiro Moacyr Scliar (falecido em 2011) em torno do seu romance Sonhos tropicais. Após uma breve introdução sobre o autor e as circunstâncias que rodearam seu diálogo com a entrevistadora, o ensaio se desenvolve em três partes entrelaçadas que focam, respectivamente, o passado, o presente e o futuro como tempos de referência. O passado inclui as reflexões do Scliar sobre a interação entre a história e a ficção no seu romance. Nesta secção se discutem também algumas considerações sobre o gênero da ficção histórica e a perspectiva metaficcional historiográfica. O presente se centra em assuntos sociopolíticos dos anos 90 abordados pelo autor. O futuro revela “profecias” relativas à evolução da literatura brasileira

O ESPECTA(U)TOR NA NARRATIVA PERFORMÁTICA DE SÉRGIO SANT’ANNA

Resumo: Este artigo explora um dos aspectos distintivos da obra literária de Sérgio Sant’Anna. Refiro-me aos narradores (espectadores) que entram no texto como protagonistas da trama (atores) e que são profissionais da palavra escrita (autores). Para tentar caracterizá-los, proponho o termo “especta(u)tor”. Trata-se de uma transformação do termo “espectator” inventado pelo dramaturgo brasileiro Augusto Boal para nomear o espectador participativo do seu teatro. A minha adaptação aplica igualmente ao leitor ficcional ou real da narrativa metaficcional e performática de Sant’Anna que é explicitamente convidado a participar na construção da ficção e dos seus significados. O “especta(u)tor” serve para refletir sobre o processo de criação e encenação assim como sobre fatores sociais, econômicos e políticos que afetam o escritor e sua obra. A inclusão do próprio autor, permite o (auto)questionamento e a possibilidade de assumir um papel principal para confrontar o cenário literário e social. Dessa forma, se rearticulam questões culturais e sociopolíticas através da problematização da (auto)representação e da autoridade. Palavras-chave: Sérgio Sant’anna; Literatura brasileira contemporânea; Metaficcão; Performance; Augusto Boal Abstract: This article explores one of the distinctive traits of Sérgio Sant’Anna’s literary work: narrators (spectators) who enter the text as protagonists (actors) and who also are professionals of the written word (authors). In an attempt to characterize them, I suggest the term “especta(u)tor” (“spectauthor”), a transformation of Brazilian playwright Augusto Boal’s “espectator” (“spectactor”), intended to designate the participative spectator of his theater. My adaptation also applies to both the fictional or the real reader of Sant’Anna’s metafictional and performatic literature, who are explicitly invited to participate in the construction of the fiction and its meanings. The term “especta(u)tor” enables a reflection  on the processes of creation and staging as well as on social, economic and political issues that affect the writer and his work. The insertion of the author himself allows for (self)questioning and the possibility of assuming a leading role in confronting literary and social scenarios. Cultural and socio-political issues are thus rearticulated through the problematization of (self)representation and authority. Keywords: Sérgio Sant’Anna; Contemporary Brazilian literature; Metafiction; Performance; Augusto Boa

Higher risk of gastrointestinal parasite infection at lower elevation suggests possible constraints in the distributional niche of Alpine marmots

Alpine marmots Marmota marmota occupy a narrow altitudinal niche within high elevation alpine environments. For animals living at such high elevations where resources are limited, parasitism represents a potential major cost in life history. Using occupancy models, we tested if marmots living at higher elevation have a reduced risk of being infected with gastrointestinal helminths, possibly compensating the lower availability of resources (shorter feeding season, longer snow cover and lower temperature) than marmots inhabiting lower elevations. Detection probability of eggs and oncospheres of two gastro-intestinal helminthic parasites, Ascaris laevis and Ctenotaenia marmotae, sampled in marmot feces, was used as a proxy of parasite abundance. As predicted, the models showed a negative relationship between elevation and parasite detectability (i.e. abundance) for both species, while there appeared to be a negative effect of solar radiance only for C. marmotae. Site-occupancy models are used here for the first time to model the constrains of gastrointestinal parasitism on a wild species and the relationship existing between endoparasites and environmental factors in a population of free-living animals. The results of this study suggest the future use of site-occupancy models as a viable tool to account for parasite imperfect detection in ecoparasitological studies, and give useful insights to further investigate the hypothesis of the contribution of parasite infection in constraining the altitudinal niche of Alpine marmots

Effect of implementation of irrigation on raptor and corvid populations in a Mediterranean agrosystem

We analyzed changes in the composition of the community of birds of prey and corvids in a rainfed agrosystem after the transformation of 37.2 % of the sampled area into irrigated land between 2005 and 2020. We sampled 57 transects (372 km per year) and fitted generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) to study changes in species occurrence. Our results showed that specific richness and the Shannon index did not vary significantly between rainfed and irrigated transects, but there was a certain positive trend when comparing the years 2005 and 2020. Regarding the differences detected for each species, the occurrence of Montagu’s harrier Circus pygargus, hen harrier Circus cyaneus, Eurasian short-toed eagle Circaetus gallicus, griffon vulture Gyps fulvus and carrion crow Corvus corone was significantly lower in irrigated land than in rainfed land, while magpie Pica pica, Western marsh harrier Circus aeruginosus, common kestrel Falco tinnunculus and black kite Milvus migrans showed a significantly higher occurrence in the irrigated transects. In addition, our findings confirm a significant decrease in occurrence between 2005 and 2020 both in rainfed and irrigated areas for Montagu’s harrier, hen harrier and magpie, while Western marsh harrier, golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos, common buzzard Buteo buteo, red kite Milvus milvus, griffon vulture Gyps fulvus, red-billed chough Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax and Western jackdaw Coloeus monedula were detected significantly more frequently in 2020 than in 2005. These results suggest that assessment of the impact of a new irrigation system should focus on the most characteristic species of rainfed agrosystems because the apparently positive effect on other species, equally protected but more generalist, may mask the real effect on conservation

The implementation of irrigation leads to declines in farmland birds

Assessing the effects of agricultural intensification on biodiversity is critical for developing effective management plans for farmland conservation. Among other factors, the direct and indirect impacts of irrigation on wildlife have yet to be thoroughly studied despite significant increases in the surface area of irrigated farmlands since the mid-twentieth century (currently greater than 300 million hectares worldwide). Here, we evaluate the impact of irrigation on bird species occurrence patterns using a BACI (Before-After Control-Impact) design. Our study occurs in a 100 km2 area with rainfed agriculture in the Mediterranean region of northern Spain. We analysed a 13-year dataset comprised of the 47 most common bird species in the region using a multi-species hierarchical occurrence model. We examined how the implementation of irrigation in a rain-fed farmland area altered the local bird community, identifying which species were negatively or positively impacted by changes to the local ecosystem. The implementation of irrigation had an overall negative impact on the bird community, with occurrence rates of most species (55%) decreasing and only a small fraction (11%) increasing after the onset of irrigation, leading to an overall reduction in site-level species richness. Irrigation had the most detrimental impact on farmland birds (including steppe birds, which are of high conservation concern), but also had negative effects on forest, shrubland, and non-specialist bird species that occur frequently in rainfed agricultural environments. The observed negative impacts on bird occurrences are likely due to the loss of nesting and foraging habitat arising from shifts in crops and/or loss of fallow lands associated with irrigation. The fact that only a few species responded positively to the implementation of irrigation suggests that in the long-term irrigation may lead to substantial negative changes in local bird communities, with less diversity and a lack of ecologically-important farmland species. Irrigation schemes should thus be implemented carefully, avoiding areas with high species richness or high densities of endangered species. In cases where irrigation cannot be avoided, promoting diverse agrosystems, avoiding monocultures, and including interspersed rainfed crops and fallow lands may help to mitigate negative effects on local bird communities and their ecosystems.Xabier Cabodevilla was supported by a PhD Grant and an Internship Grant, financed by the Basque Country Government (Grants numbers PRE_2018_2_0273 and EP_2019_1_0070).Peer reviewe

Irrigation drives declines in farmland bird populations

Póster presentado al EURING Analytical Meeting and Workshop, celebrado del 31 de mayo al 11 de junio de 2021 en Université Laval, Québec City (Canada).Peer reviewe