Etnobotânica de plantas utilizadas como medicinais pelos benzedores nos municípios de Imbituba e Garopaba- SC – Brasil.

TCC(graduação) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Centro de Ciências Biológicas. Biologia.Os benzimentos são praticados em diversas culturas de formas distintas e contam com o auxílio de diferentes elementos da natureza e da religião, porém, todos possuem o mesmo objetivo: curar, abençoar e/ou proteger contra forças negativas. Muitos benzedores que acreditam nos poderes das ervas e das plantas medicinais, utilizado-as durante a benzeção. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo investigar o conhecimento etnobotânico a respeito de plantas utilizadas para cura por benzedores nos municípios de Imbituba e Garopaba– SC, Brasil, discutindo como a população utiliza essa prática atualmente e sua forma de transmissão ao longo do tempo, comparando esses dados com informações dos próprios entrevistados referentes ao passado. Foram entrevistados 16 benzedores e 37 atendidos por esses; que citaram respectivamente 156 e 142 espécies botânicas de plantas usadas medicinalmente. As espécies mais citadas para ambos os grupos, não consecutivamente, foram Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Alecrim), Mentha sp. 2 (Hortelã), Ruta graveolens L.(Arruda) e Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. (Erva-cidreira). Neste trabalho é discutida a influência dos benzedores na manutenção desse conhecimento na comunidade e no plantio das espécies nos quintais, importantes locais de obtenção das plantas para ambos grupos de entrevistados. Segundo os entrevistados, esses espaços de coleta de plantas têm diminuído em frequência e tamanho ao longo do tempo. As benzeduras, com o desenvolvimento do SUS (Sistema Único de Saúde) e dos medicamentos industrializados, deixaram de ser a principal forma de busca pela manutenção da saúde e cura de enfermidades, mas ainda apresentam-se em vigência, mesmo que procurados agora com menor frequência, mostrando como a medicina moderna é usada em conjunto com as formas tradicionais de medicina. Salienta-se a idade avançada dos benzedores e a fragilidade que isso representa à essa forma tradicional de cura e de utilização dos recursos vegetais como terapêuticos, não sendo possível prever por quanto tempo seus serviços estarão presentes na comunidade em prol da saúde local

Evidencias locales del cambio climático y sus impactos: ejemplos desde Sudamérica

Dado que los impactos del cambio climático varían entre ecosistemas y sociedades, es difícil determinarlos con precisión. Basándonos en tres ejemplos de Sudamérica, exploramos algunas de las múltiples evidencias de que los diferentes sistemas de conocimiento y experiencias locales aportan al entendimiento del cambio climático y sus impactos. En el archipiélago de Chiloé (sur de Chile) analizamos las conexiones entre diferentes motores de cambio reportados por campesinas chilotas al explicar la sequía y sus impactos en la agricultura. A la multicausalidad, el pueblo indígena tsimane’ (Amazonía boliviana) añade la apreciación de que el uso abusivo o irrespetuoso de la naturaleza es una causa subyacente del cambio climático. Finalmente, el estudio entre los ribeirinhos del curso medio del río Solimões, Amazonía brasileña, explora cómo las inundaciones y sequías extremas –atribuidas al cambio climático– afectan la salud y aumentan el riesgo de accidentes. Como las evidencias presentadas por los habitantes locales no están necesariamente documentadas en la literatura científica, los tres casos de estudio refuerzan la idea de que múltiples evidencias son necesarias para tener una comprensión holística del cambio climático

Evidencias locales del cambio climático y sus impactos: ejemplos desde Sudamérica

Dado que los impactos del cambio climático varían entre ecosistemas y sociedades, es difícil determinarlos con precisión. Basándonos en tres ejemplos de Sudamérica, exploramos algunas de las múltiples evidencias de que los diferentes sistemas de conocimiento y experiencias locales aportan al entendimiento del cambio climático y sus impactos. En el archipiélago de Chiloé (sur de Chile) analizamos las conexiones entre diferentes motores de cambio reportados por campesinas chilotas al explicar la sequía y sus impactos en la agricultura. A la multicausalidad, el pueblo indígena tsimane’ (Amazonía boliviana) añade la apreciación de que el uso abusivo o irrespetuoso de la naturaleza es una causa subyacente del cambio climático. Finalmente, el estudio entre los ribeirinhos del curso medio del río Solimões, Amazonía brasileña, explora cómo las inundaciones y sequías extremas –atribuidas al cambio climático– afectan la salud y aumentan el riesgo de accidentes. Como las evidencias presentadas por los habitantes locales no están necesariamente documentadas en la literatura científica, los tres casos de estudio refuerzan la idea de que múltiples evidencias son necesarias para tener una comprensión holística del cambio climático

Indigenous Peoples and local communities report ongoing and widespread climate change impacts on local social-ecological systems

The effects of climate change depend on specific local circumstances, posing a challenge for worldwide research to comprehensively encompass the diverse impacts on various local social-ecological systems. Here we use a place-specific but cross-culturally comparable protocol to document climate change indicators and impacts as locally experienced and analyze their distribution. We collected first-hand data in 48 sites inhabited by Indigenous Peoples and local communities and covering all climate zones and nature-dependent livelihoods. We documented 1,661 site-agreed reports of change corresponding to 369 indicators. Reports of change vary according to climate zone and livelihood activity. We provide compelling evidence that climate change impacts on Indigenous Peoples and local communities are ongoing, tangible, widespread, and affect multiple elements of their social-ecological systems. Beyond potentially informing contextualized adaptation plans, our results show that local reports could help identify economic and non-economic loss and damage related to climate change impacts suffered by Indigenous Peoples and local communities

Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK.

BACKGROUND: A safe and efficacious vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), if deployed with high coverage, could contribute to the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in a pooled interim analysis of four trials. METHODS: This analysis includes data from four ongoing blinded, randomised, controlled trials done across the UK, Brazil, and South Africa. Participants aged 18 years and older were randomly assigned (1:1) to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine or control (meningococcal group A, C, W, and Y conjugate vaccine or saline). Participants in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group received two doses containing 5 × 1010 viral particles (standard dose; SD/SD cohort); a subset in the UK trial received a half dose as their first dose (low dose) and a standard dose as their second dose (LD/SD cohort). The primary efficacy analysis included symptomatic COVID-19 in seronegative participants with a nucleic acid amplification test-positive swab more than 14 days after a second dose of vaccine. Participants were analysed according to treatment received, with data cutoff on Nov 4, 2020. Vaccine efficacy was calculated as 1 - relative risk derived from a robust Poisson regression model adjusted for age. Studies are registered at ISRCTN89951424 and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04324606, NCT04400838, and NCT04444674. FINDINGS: Between April 23 and Nov 4, 2020, 23 848 participants were enrolled and 11 636 participants (7548 in the UK, 4088 in Brazil) were included in the interim primary efficacy analysis. In participants who received two standard doses, vaccine efficacy was 62·1% (95% CI 41·0-75·7; 27 [0·6%] of 4440 in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group vs71 [1·6%] of 4455 in the control group) and in participants who received a low dose followed by a standard dose, efficacy was 90·0% (67·4-97·0; three [0·2%] of 1367 vs 30 [2·2%] of 1374; pinteraction=0·010). Overall vaccine efficacy across both groups was 70·4% (95·8% CI 54·8-80·6; 30 [0·5%] of 5807 vs 101 [1·7%] of 5829). From 21 days after the first dose, there were ten cases hospitalised for COVID-19, all in the control arm; two were classified as severe COVID-19, including one death. There were 74 341 person-months of safety follow-up (median 3·4 months, IQR 1·3-4·8): 175 severe adverse events occurred in 168 participants, 84 events in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group and 91 in the control group. Three events were classified as possibly related to a vaccine: one in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group, one in the control group, and one in a participant who remains masked to group allocation. INTERPRETATION: ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 has an acceptable safety profile and has been found to be efficacious against symptomatic COVID-19 in this interim analysis of ongoing clinical trials. FUNDING: UK Research and Innovation, National Institutes for Health Research (NIHR), Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Lemann Foundation, Rede D'Or, Brava and Telles Foundation, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Thames Valley and South Midland's NIHR Clinical Research Network, and AstraZeneca

Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK

Background A safe and efficacious vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), if deployed with high coverage, could contribute to the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in a pooled interim analysis of four trials. Methods This analysis includes data from four ongoing blinded, randomised, controlled trials done across the UK, Brazil, and South Africa. Participants aged 18 years and older were randomly assigned (1:1) to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine or control (meningococcal group A, C, W, and Y conjugate vaccine or saline). Participants in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group received two doses containing 5 × 1010 viral particles (standard dose; SD/SD cohort); a subset in the UK trial received a half dose as their first dose (low dose) and a standard dose as their second dose (LD/SD cohort). The primary efficacy analysis included symptomatic COVID-19 in seronegative participants with a nucleic acid amplification test-positive swab more than 14 days after a second dose of vaccine. Participants were analysed according to treatment received, with data cutoff on Nov 4, 2020. Vaccine efficacy was calculated as 1 - relative risk derived from a robust Poisson regression model adjusted for age. Studies are registered at ISRCTN89951424 and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04324606, NCT04400838, and NCT04444674. Findings Between April 23 and Nov 4, 2020, 23 848 participants were enrolled and 11 636 participants (7548 in the UK, 4088 in Brazil) were included in the interim primary efficacy analysis. In participants who received two standard doses, vaccine efficacy was 62·1% (95% CI 41·0–75·7; 27 [0·6%] of 4440 in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group vs71 [1·6%] of 4455 in the control group) and in participants who received a low dose followed by a standard dose, efficacy was 90·0% (67·4–97·0; three [0·2%] of 1367 vs 30 [2·2%] of 1374; pinteraction=0·010). Overall vaccine efficacy across both groups was 70·4% (95·8% CI 54·8–80·6; 30 [0·5%] of 5807 vs 101 [1·7%] of 5829). From 21 days after the first dose, there were ten cases hospitalised for COVID-19, all in the control arm; two were classified as severe COVID-19, including one death. There were 74 341 person-months of safety follow-up (median 3·4 months, IQR 1·3–4·8): 175 severe adverse events occurred in 168 participants, 84 events in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group and 91 in the control group. Three events were classified as possibly related to a vaccine: one in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group, one in the control group, and one in a participant who remains masked to group allocation. Interpretation ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 has an acceptable safety profile and has been found to be efficacious against symptomatic COVID-19 in this interim analysis of ongoing clinical trials

Contribuições etnoecológicas para a compreensão sobre territórios tradicionais de três comunidades quilombolas de Santa Catarina (Brasil)

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Florianópolis, 2015.O conhecimento ecológico tradicional é percebido como uma área de conhecimentos cumulativos que abrange práticas e crenças, está envolvido em processos adaptativos e é transmitido entre gerações, tendo importantes implicações para o manejo e conservação biológica. Investigar fatores que contribuem na manutenção, perpetuação, adaptação e ampliação desses saberes se torna fundamental. Estudos etnobotânicos e etnoecológicos em comunidades quilombolas podem contribuir com informações para compreender a relação entre esses grupos humanos e os recursos que eles conhecem e com os quais interagem, contribuindo também para as discussões relacionadas ao seu território e para as relações entre diversidade biológica e cultural. Esse trabalho visa investigar, em três comunidades Quilombolas de Santa Catarina (Brasil), possíveis influências do conhecimento e uso de recursos vegetais na área de vida das comunidades quilombolas, em relação a seus territórios e a relação entre os conhecimentos e usos locais de recursos vegetais com fatores socioeconômicos e ecológicos, como, a riqueza desses recursos nos quintais. Os métodos aplicados no estudo consistiram em entrevistas semiestruturadas com todos moradores locais, maiores de 18 anos, que aceitaram participar da pesquisa; turnês-guiadas para coleta de espécies vegetais citadas nas entrevistas e sua identificação botânica; levantamento da riqueza de todas as plantas arbóreas e arbustivas presentes em uma amostra dos quintais dos entrevistados, bem como amostragem de espécies herbáceas com exceção das gramíneas; identificação taxonômica das espécies presentes nos quintais e mapeamentos participativos. Ao total foram realizadas 184 entrevistas, sendo 65 na Aldeia, 63 no Morro do Fortunato e 56 na Santa Cruz. As principais atividades econômicas nas comunidades estão relacionadas a empregos urbanos, formais ou informais, sendo pequeno o número de pessoas cujo trabalho possui relação com a agricultura. Os entrevistados na comunidade Aldeia citaram 236 espécies vegetais usadas e conhecidas, 144 na Santa Cruz e 164 espécies no Morro do Fortunato. Para as três comunidades 56% das plantas são cultivadas, principalmente nos quintais. Para cada comunidade, ao comparar mapas elaborados a partir de imagens desatélite referentes ao local de obtenção e cultivo das plantas, percebe-se que a maioria das plantas citadas é obtida dentro do que os moradores consideram seu território atualmente. A Aldeia, comunidade onde uma maior riqueza de plantas foi citada, possui uma maior diversificação de fontes para a obtenção desses recursos, refletida também em uma área de vida mais contrastante em relação a seu território. Na Aldeia foram observadas 348 espécies botânicas nos quintais (n=26), 161 na Santa Cruz (n=17) e 265 no Fortunato (n=28), onde as médias do tamanho dos quintais foram de 978 m2 na Aldeia, 419 m2 na Santa Cruz e 350 m2 no Fortunato. Para verificar se há relação entre as plantas disponíveis nos quintais de cada família e as plantas citadas como usadas e conhecidas, obtidas em a) todos os ambientes, b) apenas nos quintais próprios e c) nos quintais próprios e de vizinhos, foram realizadas regressões lineares, cujo resultado foi significativo (p<0,05) apenas para Aldeia, exceto para plantas conhecidas obtidas em qualquer ambiente. Posteriormente, foi realizado um Modelo Misto que apontou que dentre os fatores analisados, a idade e a riqueza de plantas disponíveis nos quintais são os principais fatores que influenciam no conhecimento e uso sobre as plantas nas três comunidades do estudo (p>0,001), indicando a relevância das variáveis estudadas na manutenção dos saberes locais. Desta maneira, percebemos a importância da valorização e troca de saberes com os idosos, bem como a importância dos quintais na manutenção de práticas locais envolvendo recursos vegetais. Destaca-se também a importância das comunidades refletirem sobre o acesso e manejo em áreas que estão fora do que a comunidade reconhece como seu território atualmente, considerando ainda o crescimento populacional que essas vêm sofrendo.<br>Abstract : The traditional ecological knowledge is perceived as an area of cumulative knowledge that covers practices and beliefs, that is involved in adaptive processes and is transmitted between generations, with important implications for the management and biological conservation. Investigate factors that contribute to the maintenance, perpetuation, adaptation and expansion of this knowledge is fundamental. Ethnobotanical studies in maroon communities can contribute with information to understand the relations between these human groups and resources they know and with whom they interact. Also can contribute with the discussions related to their territory and for the relation between biological and cultural diversity. This work aims to investigate in three Quilombolas communities of Santa Catarina (Brazil), possible influences of knowledge and use of plant resources in the area of life of maroon communities in their territory and the relations between their knowledge and the uses of plant resources, as well as the socioeconomic and ecological factors in this case as, the richness of species on homegardens. The methods applied in this study were: semi-structured interviews with all local residents, 18 years old, who agreed to participate; guided tours, to collect plant species mentioned in the interviews and their botanical identification; survey of the all tree and shrub plants present in a sample of the backyards of respondents, as well as sampling of herbaceous species except the grass; taxonomic identification of the species present in the yards; and participatory mapping. In total 184 interviews were conducted: 65 in the Aldeia, 63 in Morro Fortunato and 56 in Santa Cruz. The main economic activities in the communities are related to urban, formal or informal jobs, with a small number of people whose work has links with agriculture. Respondents in the Aldeia cited 236 plant species used and known; in the Morro do Fortunato were cited 164 species and 144 in Santa Cruz. 56.35% of the three communities said that the plants are obtained by cultivation, especially in the backyards. For each community, comparing maps produced from satellite images of the places to get and cultivate plants, it can be seen that most plants are obtained within what locals consider their territory today. In the Aldeia, where the abundance ofplants was mentioned, there is a greater diversification of sources to obtain these resources, reflected in a larger area in relation to its territory. In the Aldeia were observed 348 botanical species in backyards (n = 26), 265 in Fortunato (n = 28) and 161 in Santa Cruz (n = 17). The average in yards size was: 978 m2 in the Aldeia, 350 m2 in Fortunato and 419 m2 in Santa Cruz. Linear regressions were performed to analyse if there is a relation between plants available in the backyards of each family and the plants cited, used and known the plants obtained in all environments; the plants obtained only in their own backyards; and the plants obtained in the neighboring homegardens. The result was significative only in Aldeia, except for plants known and obtained in any environment. Later, there was a mixed model which showed that the age, the health and the plants available in the backyards are the main factors that influence the knowledge and the use of plants in the three study communities (p> 0.001), indicating the relevance of the variables studied for the maintenance of knowledge communities. In this way, we realized the importance of valuing the knowledge exchange with the elderly, and the importance in maintaining local practices involving plant resources in gardens. From this study also stands out the population growth of communities and the importance of them reflect on the access , management and maintenance of areas that are outside the community , but which are recognized as their territory

Agrobiodiversity and in situ conservation in quilombola home gardens with different intensities of urbanization

ABSTRACT Among the agricultural environments of traditional communities, home gardens are frequently cited as high agrobiodiversity sites. However, the agrobiodiversity of home gardens along a rural-urban gradient demands study in order to identify possible influences of urbanization and to support mitigation of impacts. The present work investigated the role home gardens play in the in situ agrobiodiversity conservation of plants in quilombola communities with different degrees of urbanization. The study found that more urbanized communities have larger home gardens, but the average richness of plant species in these areas was not statistically different among the communities. Furthermore, the abundance of plant species was similar. Medicinal and food plants were mainly found in home gardens of the communities with high to intermediate levels of urbanization, while ornamental plants were more common in rural community home gardens. It is believed that crop exclusivity in home gardens of the more urbanized communities highly influenced the results, increasing the role home gardens play in maintaining traditional practices. The elevated and statistically equal species richness in home gardens suggests that, despite the factors generated by urbanization, all of the communities are very important for in situ conservation of native and introduced species