Tailored semantic annotation for semantic search

This paper presents a novel method for semantic annotation and search of a target corpus using several knowledge resources (KRs). This method relies on a formal statistical framework in which KR concepts and corpus documents are homogeneously represented using statistical language models. Under this framework, we can perform all the necessary operations for an efficient and effective semantic annotation of the corpus. Firstly, we propose a coarse tailoring of the KRs w.r.t the target corpus with the main goal of reducing the ambiguity of the annotations and their computational overhead. Then, we propose the generation of concept profiles, which allow measuring the semantic overlap of the KRs as well as performing a finer tailoring of them. Finally, we propose how to semantically represent documents and queries in terms of the KRs concepts and the statistical framework to perform semantic search. Experiments have been carried out with a corpus about web resources which includes several Life Sciences catalogs and Wikipedia pages related to web resources in general (e.g., databases, tools, services, etc.). Results demonstrate that the proposed method is more effective and efficient than state-of-the-art methods relying on either context-free annotation or keyword-based search.We thank anonymous reviewers for their very useful comments and suggestions. The work was supported by the CICYT project TIN2011-24147 from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO)

Leptin Inhibits the Proliferation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Induced by Angiotensin II through Nitric Oxide-Dependent Mechanisms

Objective. This study was designed to investigate whether leptin modifies angiotensin (Ang) II-induced proliferation of aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from 10-week-old male Wistar and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), and the possible role of nitric oxide (NO). Methods. NO and NO synthase (NOS) activity were assessed by the Griess and 3H-arginine/citrulline conversion assays, respectively. Inducible NOS (iNOS) and NADPH oxidase subutnit Nox2 expression was determined by Western-blot. The proliferative responses to Ang II were evaluated through enzymatic methods. Results. Leptin inhibited the Ang II-induced proliferative response of VSMCs from control rats. This inhibitory effect of leptin was abolished by NOS inhibitor, NMMA, and iNOS selective inhibitor, L-NIL, and was not observed in leptin receptor-deficient fa/fa rats. SHR showed increased serum leptin concentrations and lipid peroxidation. Despite a similar leptin-induced iNOS up-regulation, VSMCs from SHR showed an impaired NOS activity and NO production induced by leptin, and an increased basal Nox2 expression. The inhibitory effect of leptin on Ang II-induced VSMC proliferation was attenuated. Conclusion. Leptin blocks the proliferative response to Ang II through NO-dependent mechanisms. The attenuation of this inhibitory effect of leptin in spontaneous hypertension appears to be due to a reduced NO bioavailability in VSMCs

NLRP3 Inflammasome: A Possible Link Between Obesity-Associated Low-Grade Chronic Inflammation and Colorectal Cancer Development

Emerging evidence reveals that adipose tissue-associated inflammation is a main mechanism whereby obesity promotes colorectal cancer risk and progression. Increased inflammasome activity in adipose tissue has been proposed as an important mediator of obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance development. Chronic inflammation in tumor microenvironments has a great impact on tumor development and immunity, representing a key factor in the response to therapy. In this context, the inflammasomes, main components of the innate immune system, play an important role in cancer development showing tumor promoting or tumor suppressive actions depending on the type of tumor, the specific inflammasome involved, and the downstream effector molecules. The inflammasomes are large multiprotein complexes with the capacity to regulate the activation of caspase-1. In turn, caspase-1 enhances the proteolytic cleavage and the secretion of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18, leading to infiltration of more immune cells and resulting in the generation and maintenance of an inflammatory microenvironment surrounding cancer cells. The inflammasomes also regulate pyroptosis, a rapid and inflammation-associated form of cell death. Recent studies indicate that the inflammasomes can be activated by fatty acids and high glucose levels linking metabolic danger signals to the activation of inflammation and cancer development. These data suggest that activation of the inflammasomes may represent a crucial step in the obesity-associated cancer development. This review will also focus on the potential of inflammasome-activated pathways to develop new therapeutic strategies for the prevention and treatment of obesity-associated colorectal cancer development

Investigación de una toxiinfección alimentaria en un centro penitenciario de alta ocupación

ResumenIntroducciónEl 25 de septiembre de 2005 más de un centenar de reclusos presentaron síntomas de gastroenteritis, casi un 5% de los 1.800 reclusos de una prisión. El objetivo del estudio fue confirmar la existencia de un brote, identificar los factores de riesgo, implementar medidas de control y establecer recomendaciones.MétodosSe realizó un análisis de cohortes de una muestra aleatoria estratificada de todos los internos, un análisis de cohortes de uno de los módulos de la prisión y una investigación medioambiental.ResultadosSe seleccionaron 221 internos de toda la prisión, de los cuales se entrevistó a 196. Un 28% eran casos, cuya sintomatología principal fue dolor abdominal (85%) y diarrea (71%). Todos los alimentos consumidos presentaron tasas de ataque similares. Se asoció con la enfermedad el hecho de comer toda la ración de salpicón de marisco de la comida (riesgo relativo [RR]=2; intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95%, 1,1-3,8) o toda la ración de gambas rebozadas en la cena (RR=1,8; IC del 95%, 1,1-3,1) del día 24 de septiembre. En el análisis de uno de los módulos de la prisión se obtuvo resultados similares a la muestra aleatoria. En una muestra de salpicón de marisco se aislaron Clostridium perfringens, Bacillus cereus y Escherichia coli.ConclusiónSe confirmó un brote de gastroenteritis por varios patógenos. Tanto los síntomas como el período de incubación corresponden a los patógenos aislados. La preparación de los alimentos en centros penitenciarios debe cumplir los estándares mínimos de seguridad, que incluya la refrigeración y la educación de los manipuladores.AbstractBackgroundOn September 25 2005, more than 100 inmates (almost 5% of the 1,800 prison population) experienced sudden onset gastroenteritis. This outbreak was the largest foodborne outbreak described in a prison population in Spain. Our objective was to confirm the outbreak, identify risk factors, implement control measures, and provide recommendations.MethodsWe conducted a cohort analysis of a stratified random sample of all the inmates, a cohort analysis of the one of the prison blocks, and an environmental investigation.ResultsA total of 221 inmates were selected, of which 196 were interviewed. Twenty-eight percent had gastroenteritis and the main symptoms were abdominal pain (85%) and diarrhea (71%). All foods consumed caused similar attack rates. Factors associated with the risk of illness were eating the entire portion of seafood cocktail at lunch or all of the fried shrimp at dinner on September 24 (RR=2; 95% CI, 1.1-3.8, and RR=1.8; 95% CI, 1.1-3.1). Analysis of one of the prison blocks yielded results similar to those of the random sample. Clostridium perfringens, Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli were isolated from a sample of the seafood cocktail.ConclusionA gastroenteritis outbreak caused by several pathogens was confirmed. Both the reported symptoms and the calculated incubation periods corresponded to the pathogens isolated. Preparation of food in prison facilities should meet minimum safety standards, including refrigeration and training of food handlers

Leptin Administration Downregulates the Increased Expression Levels of Genes Related to Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in the Skeletal Muscle of ob/ob Mice

Obese leptin-deficient ob/ob mice exhibit a low-grade chronic inflammation together with a low muscle mass. Our aim was to analyze the changes in muscle expression levels of genes related to oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in leptin deficiency and to identify the effect of in vivo leptin administration. Ob/ob mice were divided in three groups as follows: control ob/ob, leptin-treated ob/ob (1 mg/kg/d) and leptin pair-fed ob/ob mice. Gastrocnemius weight was lower in control ob/ob than in wild type mice (P < .01) exhibiting an increase after leptin treatment compared to control and pair-fed (P < .01) ob/ob animals. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, markers of oxidative stress, were higher in serum (P < .01) and gastrocnemius (P = .05) of control ob/ob than in wild type mice and were significantly decreased (P < .01) by leptin treatment. Leptin deficiency altered the expression of 1,546 genes, while leptin treatment modified the regulation of 1,127 genes with 86 of them being involved in oxidative stress, immune defense and inflammatory response. Leptin administration decreased the high expression of Crybb1, Hspb3, Hspb7, Mt4, Cat, Rbm9, Serpinc1 and Serpinb1a observed in control ob/ob mice, indicating that it improves inflammation and muscle loss

Errores cognitivos en jóvenes y su relación con la sintomatología depresiva

Este trabajo trata de comprobar la relación entre la sintomatología depresiva y las distorsiones cognitivas en 1.288 jóvenes (683 varones y 605 mujeres), de 12 a 17 años enfinción de diversas variables. Los resultados indican una sólida relación positiva entre las distorsiones cognitivas y la sintornatología depresiva, principalrnente con la baja autoestima y 10s síntomas somáticos. La sintomatología depresiva experimenta un aumento paulatino con los años, similar a 10 que sucede con los errores cognitivos, siendo especialmente signijicativo el momento evolutivo de 10s 13 años. El incremento de las capacidades cognitivas en 10s jóvenes se relaciona con la aparición de distorsiones cognitivas, resultando predictivas de 10s síntomas de depresidn. Los sesgos cognitivos más frecuentes son el razonamiento emocional, el absolutismo y el tremendismo. En una fase inicial de la adolescencia destacan el absolutismo y la maximización, rnientras que en las edades ma's altas aparecen dos tipos de inferencias y el razonamiento emocional. Las mujeres presentan más sintomatología depresiva y distorsiones cognitivas, tendiendo a ser más emocionales y dramatizar, mientras 10s varones se caracterizan por la exigencia. Finalmente, todas las distorsiones estudiadas caracterizan a 10s sujetos con puntuaciones significativas en depresión y 10s considerados en riesgo para un trastorno del estado de ánimo.This research examines the relation between depressive syrnptomatology and cognitive distortions, on the basis of a range of variables. The sample comprised 1,288 young people (683 males and 605 females aged between 12 and 17. The results revealed a solid positive relation between depressive symptomatology and cognitive biases, with lower self-esteem and somatic syrnptoms. The depressive symptomatology rises gradually with age, as do cognitive biases, which are particularly significant at age thirteen. The increase in the cognitive capacities of the young is related to the appearance of cognitive distortions. The cognitive biases predicted depression syrnptomatology. The most,frequent cognitive biases are emotional reasoning, absolutism and catasírophizing. At the beginning of adolescence, absolutism and maximization are prominent, whereas in later years two types of inferences and ernotional reasoning appear. Women show more depressive syrnptomatology and cognitive biases, and tend to be more ernotional and to dramatize; however, men are characterized by the presence of ccmustu. Finally, all kinds of distortion characterize the szibjects with significant scores in depressions and those considered at the risk of rnood disorde

Effect of forest landscapes composition and configuration on bird community and its functional traits in a hotspot of biodiversity of Chile

Understanding the effect of landscape configuration on the bird species richness and their functional traits (dietary preferences) is important to link the conservation and restoration plans to the production of the crops. Our aims were: 1) to study the influence of forest types (native, mixed and plantations) on the bird species richness in two agroforestry landscapes (heterogeneous/homogeneous); 2) to assess the effect of size/density of forest patches in the birds’ functional traits; 3) to evaluate the effect of isolated trees on them, and 4) to discuss conservation and restoration measures for the birds’ functional traits in agroforestry landscapes. We used hierarchical occupancy models to evaluate the effect of different landscape metrics and detectability measures on bird communities. We recorded a total of 64 bird species. The estimated species richness was considerable higher in homogeneous landscape (31.7 ± 2.7) than heterogeneous (27.3 ± 2.5). Our results showed the bird assemblage had a positive trend with native forests, negative with mixed forests and neutral trend for plantations. The granivores and insectivore’s species showed significant preferences for homogeneous landscape, while omnivores had significant preferences for heterogeneous landscape. Carnivores/Piscivores and herbivores/frugivores species did not show preferences by any landscape type. The response of functional traits depended on different forests attributes. The isolated trees had a significant effect on the birds’ functional traits. In conclusion, it is necessary a deep knowledge about the relationship between the landscape configuration and the bird species richness/functional traits. These findings could help in the future with the conservation, restoration, and rewilding policies in this important hotspot of biodiversity, avoiding alterations in the ecosystem services

Circulating omentin concentration increases after weight loss

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Omentin-1 is a novel adipokine expressed in visceral adipose tissue and negatively associated with insulin resistance and obesity. We aimed to study the effects of weight loss-induced improved insulin sensitivity on circulating omentin concentrations.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Circulating omentin-1 (ELISA) concentration in association with metabolic variables was measured in 35 obese subjects (18 men, 17 women) before and after hypocaloric weight loss.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Baseline circulating omentin-1 concentrations correlated negatively with BMI (r = -0.58, p < 0.001), body weight (r = -0.35, p = 0.045), fat mass (r = -0.67, p < 0.001), circulating leptin (r = -0.7, p < 0.001) and fasting insulin (r = -0.37, p = 0.03). Circulating omentin-1 concentration increased significantly after weight loss (from 44.9 ± 9.02 to 53.41 ± 8.8 ng/ml, p < 0.001). This increase in circulating omentin after weight loss was associated with improved insulin sensitivity (negatively associated with HOMA value and fasting insulin, r = -0.42, p = 0.02 and r = -0.45, p = 0.01, respectively) and decreased BMI (r = -0.54, p = 0.001).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>As previously described with adiponectin, circulating omentin-1 concentrations increase after weight loss-induced improvement of insulin sensitivity.</p

Use of microperimetry to evaluate hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine retinal toxicity

To check the ability of microperimetry to detect early retinal damage in patients with rheumatism taking hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), chloroquine (CQ), or both, and to describe the microperimetric alterations attributable to these drugs and their correlation with some clinical variables

Becoming a mother shifts the activity of the social and motivation brain networks in mice

During pregnancy hormones increase motivated pup-directed behaviors. We here analyze hormone-induced changes in brain activity, by comparing cFos-immunoreactivity in the sociosexual (SBN) and motivation brain networks (including medial preoptic area, MPO) of virgin versus late-pregnant pup-naïve female mice exposed to pups or buttons (control). Pups activate more the SBN than buttons in both late-pregnant and virgin females. By contrast, pregnancy increases pup-elicited activity in the motivation circuitry (e.g. accumbens core) but reduces button-induced activity and, consequently, button investigation. Principal components analysis supports the identity of the social and motivation brain circuits, placing the periaqueductal gray between both systems. Linear discriminant analysis of cFos-immunoreactivity in the socio-motivational brain network predicts the kind of female and stimulus better than the activity of the MPO alone; this suggests that the neuroendocrinological basis of social (e.g. maternal) behaviors conforms to a neural network model, rather than to distinct hierarchical linear pathways for different behaviors