Evaluación de la publicidad en el Centro Comercial “Almacenes Tropigás” del municipio de Matagalpa durante el año 2008

El manejo financiero es elemento esencial para formar y manejar una empresa; su valor depende de la manera de administrarlo, por ello, es necesario conocer, cuándo y de qué forma una empresas está utilizándolo de manera efectiva. La publicidad, en cierta forma, podría ser considerada un gasto y no una inversión, puesto que a simple vista no retribuye nada a las empresas. Sin embargo, la publicidad ha desempeñado un papel fundamental en la actividad comercial de la tienda Almacenes TROPIGÁS del Municipio de Matagalpa, en la cual ha sido el medio más importante para darse a conocer como empresa, asegurándose un alto nivel empresarial. El principal objetivo de la investigación consistió en la evaluación de la publicidad de la tienda, a través de la valoración del gerente, vendedores y clientes, identificando los medios publicitarios más importantes usados. Utilizando como instrumentos para la recopilación de la información, la encuesta y la entrevista. Los resultados más sobresalientes en la investigación, expresan que la aplicación de la publicidad en la tienda ha sido muy efectiva para el crecimiento de las ventas, más aún, en los meses festivos del año, en los que se percibe mayores ingresos, contribuyendo al desarrollo empresarial y social del Municipio, confirmándose la publicidad como factor positivo para llegar al público - meta por su calidad, sus frecuentes apariciones en los medios y su poder de atracció

Grasa de sobrepaso en ovejas con diferente espesor de grasa dorsal, respuesta hormonal y principales variables reproductivas

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la grasa de sobrepaso en ovejas con bajo (1 a 2 mm) y alto (3 a 4 mm) espesor de grasa dorsal y sincronización de estro (inicio y duración), niveles séricos de hormona luteinizante (LH), estradiol (E2), progesterona (P4 e insulina (INS), porcentaje de gestación y prolificidad. Cincuenta y nueve ovejas, con dos niveles de grasa dorsal determinado mediante ultrasonografía, bajo y alto (GDb, GDa), sin y con la adición de 150 g de grasa de sobrepaso (0 y 150 g), respectivamente, se asignaron a los siguientes grupos: GDb+0 g (n = 16), GDb+150 g (n = 14), GDa+0 g (n = 14) y GDa+150 g (n = 15). Las ovejas se sincronizaron con esponjas de acetato de fluorogesterona (FGA, 20 mg) por 12 d y, dos días antes de su remoción se aplicó 15 mg de PGF2. El diseño fue completamente al azar con un arreglo factorial 2X2, los resultados fueron analizados mediante el paquete estadístico SAS. No se encontraron diferencias (P>0,05) para las variables inicio y duración del estro, inicio y duración del pico pre-ovulatorio de LH y prolificidad, por efecto de la adición de la grasa; sin embargo, la amplitud del pico de LH y el porcentaje de gestación fueron diferentes entre tratamientos (P<0,05). La concentración de P4en suero fue mayor (P<0,05) en ovejas sin la adición de grasa (0 g). Las concentraciones de E2 e INS se incrementaron (P<0,05) en ovejas con GDa. Se concluye que la adición de grasa de sobrepaso no modificó la respuesta en las variables reproductivas, pero si disminuyó la concentración de P4. Por otro lado, las concentraciones de E2 e INS se incrementaron en ovejas con GDa, lo cual se atribuye a un mejor estado metabólico, nutricional y corporal del animal

Native Bacillus paralicheniformis isolate as a potential agent for phytopathogenic nematodes control

Phytopathogenic nematodes (PPNs) are responsible for substantial damages within agricultural crops worldwide which can be controlled employing beneficial microorganisms and/or their metabolites in an ecofriendly way. Nevertheless, the success of the control regards not only on the virulence of the strains or the toxicity of their metabolites but also on their ability to colonize and remain in the rhizospheric environment, particularly in those crops affected by abiotic stresses promoted by the climate change. Consequently, the bioprospection of beneficial microorganisms able to control PPNs and to thrive in adverse conditions has attracted attention. On this way, deserts are perfect ecological niches to isolate microorganisms adapted to harsh enviroments. The purpose of this research was to isolate and characterize bacteria from rhizospheric soil samples collected in the Northwestern Desert of Mexico with potential for PPNs control. As first screening, secretomes of each isolate were tested in vitro for nematicidal activity (NA). Then, activities from secretomes and endospores from the selected isolate were confirmed in vivo assays. From 100 thermotolerant isolates, the secretome of the isolate identified as Bacillus paralicheniformis TB197 showed the highest NA (&gt;95%) against Meloidogyne incognita, both in vitro and in vivo tests, suppressing infections caused by M. enterolobii in tomato crops, too. In open field tests, the endospores of TB197 strain showed a reduction of 81% in the infection severity caused by M. enterolobii (p ≤ 0.05), while the galling index (GI) was reduced 84% (p ≤ 0.05) in tomato greenhouse-tests. Also, a reduction of the root necrosis (81%) caused by Radopholus similis in banana plantations (p ≤ 0.05), compared to the control was observed. Owing to their efficacy in controlling PPNs infections, the endospores and secondary metabolites of B. paralicheniformis TB197 strain could be used in bionematicidal formulations

Multinational prospective cohort study of rates and risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia over 24 years in 42 countries of Asia, Africa, Eastern Europe, Latin America, and the Middle East: Findings of the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC)

Objective: Rates of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) are several times above those of high-income countries. The objective of this study was to identify risk factors (RFs) for VAP cases in ICUs of LMICs. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: This study was conducted across 743 ICUs of 282 hospitals in 144 cities in 42 Asian, African, European, Latin American, and Middle Eastern countries. Participants: The study included patients admitted to ICUs across 24 years. Results: In total, 289,643 patients were followed during 1,951,405 patient days and acquired 8,236 VAPs. We analyzed 10 independent variables. Multiple logistic regression identified the following independent VAP RFs: male sex (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.22; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16-1.28; P <.0001); longer length of stay (LOS), which increased the risk 7% per day (aOR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.07-1.08; P <.0001); mechanical ventilation (MV) utilization ratio (aOR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.23-1.31; P <.0001); continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), which was associated with the highest risk (aOR, 13.38; 95% CI, 11.57-15.48; P <.0001)Revisión por pare

Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome

The sequence of the human genome encodes the genetic instructions for human physiology, as well as rich information about human evolution. In 2001, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium reported a draft sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome. Since then, the international collaboration has worked to convert this draft into a genome sequence with high accuracy and nearly complete coverage. Here, we report the result of this finishing process. The current genome sequence (Build 35) contains 2.85 billion nucleotides interrupted by only 341 gaps. It covers ∼99% of the euchromatic genome and is accurate to an error rate of ∼1 event per 100,000 bases. Many of the remaining euchromatic gaps are associated with segmental duplications and will require focused work with new methods. The near-complete sequence, the first for a vertebrate, greatly improves the precision of biological analyses of the human genome including studies of gene number, birth and death. Notably, the human enome seems to encode only 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The genome sequence reported here should serve as a firm foundation for biomedical research in the decades ahead

Iron Behaving Badly: Inappropriate Iron Chelation as a Major Contributor to the Aetiology of Vascular and Other Progressive Inflammatory and Degenerative Diseases

The production of peroxide and superoxide is an inevitable consequence of aerobic metabolism, and while these particular "reactive oxygen species" (ROSs) can exhibit a number of biological effects, they are not of themselves excessively reactive and thus they are not especially damaging at physiological concentrations. However, their reactions with poorly liganded iron species can lead to the catalytic production of the very reactive and dangerous hydroxyl radical, which is exceptionally damaging, and a major cause of chronic inflammation. We review the considerable and wide-ranging evidence for the involvement of this combination of (su)peroxide and poorly liganded iron in a large number of physiological and indeed pathological processes and inflammatory disorders, especially those involving the progressive degradation of cellular and organismal performance. These diseases share a great many similarities and thus might be considered to have a common cause (i.e. iron-catalysed free radical and especially hydroxyl radical generation). The studies reviewed include those focused on a series of cardiovascular, metabolic and neurological diseases, where iron can be found at the sites of plaques and lesions, as well as studies showing the significance of iron to aging and longevity. The effective chelation of iron by natural or synthetic ligands is thus of major physiological (and potentially therapeutic) importance. As systems properties, we need to recognise that physiological observables have multiple molecular causes, and studying them in isolation leads to inconsistent patterns of apparent causality when it is the simultaneous combination of multiple factors that is responsible. This explains, for instance, the decidedly mixed effects of antioxidants that have been observed, etc...Comment: 159 pages, including 9 Figs and 2184 reference

A concept for international societally relevant microbiology education and microbiology knowledge promulgation in society

Microbes are all pervasive in their distribution and influence on the functioning and well-being of humans, life in general and the planet. Microbially-based technologies contribute hugely to the supply of important goods and services we depend upon, such as the provision of food, medicines and clean water. They also offer mechanisms and strategies to mitigate and solve a wide range of problems and crises facing humanity at all levels, including those encapsulated in the sustainable development goals (SDGs) formulated by the United Nations. For example, microbial technologies can contribute in multiple ways to decarbonisation and hence confronting global warming, provide sanitation and clean water to the billions of people lacking them, improve soil fertility and hence food production and develop vaccines and other medicines to reduce and in some cases eliminate deadly infections. They are the foundation of biotechnology, an increasingly important and growing business sector and source of employment, and the centre of the bioeconomy, Green Deal, etc. But, because microbes are largely invisible, they are not familiar to most people, so opportunities they offer to effectively prevent and solve problems are often missed by decision-makers, with the negative consequences this entrains. To correct this lack of vital knowledge, the International Microbiology Literacy Initiative–the IMiLI–is recruiting from the global microbiology community and making freely available, teaching resources for a curriculum in societally relevant microbiology that can be used at all levels of learning. Its goal is the development of a society that is literate in relevant microbiology and, as a consequence, able to take full advantage of the potential of microbes and minimise the consequences of their negative activities. In addition to teaching about microbes, almost every lesson discusses the influence they have on sustainability and the SDGs and their ability to solve pressing problems of societal inequalities. The curriculum thus teaches about sustainability, societal needs and global citizenship. The lessons also reveal the impacts microbes and their activities have on our daily lives at the personal, family, community, national and global levels and their relevance for decisions at all levels. And, because effective, evidence-based decisions require not only relevant information but also critical and systems thinking, the resources also teach about these key generic aspects of deliberation. The IMiLI teaching resources are learner-centric, not academic microbiology-centric and deal with the microbiology of everyday issues. These span topics as diverse as owning and caring for a companion animal, the vast range of everyday foods that are produced via microbial processes, impressive geological formations created by microbes, childhood illnesses and how they are managed and how to reduce waste and pollution. They also leverage the exceptional excitement of exploration and discovery that typifies much progress in microbiology to capture the interest, inspire and motivate educators and learners alike. The IMiLI is establishing Regional Centres to translate the teaching resources into regional languages and adapt them to regional cultures, and to promote their use and assist educators employing them. Two of these are now operational. The Regional Centres constitute the interface between resource creators and educators–learners. As such, they will collect and analyse feedback from the end-users and transmit this to the resource creators so that teaching materials can be improved and refined, and new resources added in response to demand: educators and learners will thereby be directly involved in evolution of the teaching resources. The interactions between educators–learners and resource creators mediated by the Regional Centres will establish dynamic and synergistic relationships–a global societally relevant microbiology education ecosystem–in which creators also become learners, teaching resources are optimised and all players/stakeholders are empowered and their motivation increased. The IMiLI concept thus embraces the principle of teaching societally relevant microbiology embedded in the wider context of societal, biosphere and planetary needs, inequalities, the range of crises that confront us and the need for improved decisioning, which should ultimately lead to better citizenship and a humanity that is more sustainable and resilient. The biosphere of planet Earth is a microbial world: a vast reactor of countless microbially driven chemical transformations and energy transfers that push and pull many planetary geochemical processes, including the cycling of the elements of life, mitigate or amplify climate change (e.g., Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2019, 17, 569) and impact the well-being and activities of all organisms, including humans. Microbes are both our ancestors and creators of the planetary chemistry that allowed us to evolve (e.g., Life's engines: How microbes made earth habitable, 2023). To understand how the biosphere functions, how humans can influence its development and live more sustainably with the other organisms sharing it, we need to understand the microbes. In a recent editorial (Environmental Microbiology, 2019, 21, 1513), we advocated for improved microbiology literacy in society. Our concept of microbiology literacy is not based on knowledge of the academic subject of microbiology, with its multitude of component topics, plus the growing number of additional topics from other disciplines that become vitally important elements of current microbiology. Rather it is focused on microbial activities that impact us–individuals/communities/nations/the human world–and the biosphere and that are key to reaching informed decisions on a multitude of issues that regularly confront us, ranging from personal issues to crises of global importance. In other words, it is knowledge and understanding essential for adulthood and the transition to it, knowledge and understanding that must be acquired early in life in school. The 2019 Editorial marked the launch of the International Microbiology Literacy Initiative, the IMiLI. HERE, WE PRESENT our concept of how microbiology literacy may be achieved and the rationale underpinning it; the type of teaching resources being created to realise the concept and the framing of microbial activities treated in these resources in the context of sustainability, societal needs and responsibilities and decision-making; and the key role of Regional Centres that will translate the teaching resources into local languages, adapt them according to local cultural needs, interface with regional educators and develop and serve as hubs of microbiology literacy education networks. The topics featuring in teaching resources are learner-centric and have been selected for their inherent relevance, interest and ability to excite and engage. Importantly, the resources coherently integrate and emphasise the overarching issues of sustainability, stewardship and critical thinking and the pervasive interdependencies of processes. More broadly, the concept emphasises how the multifarious applications of microbial activities can be leveraged to promote human/animal, plant, environmental and planetary health, improve social equity, alleviate humanitarian deficits and causes of conflicts among peoples and increase understanding between peoples (Microbial Biotechnology, 2023, 16(6), 1091–1111). Importantly, although the primary target of the freely available (CC BY-NC 4.0) IMiLI teaching resources is schoolchildren and their educators, they and the teaching philosophy are intended for all ages, abilities and cultural spectra of learners worldwide: in university education, lifelong learning, curiosity-driven, web-based knowledge acquisition and public outreach. The IMiLI teaching resources aim to promote development of a global microbiology education ecosystem that democratises microbiology knowledge.http://www.wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/mbt2hj2024BiochemistryGeneticsMicrobiology and Plant PathologySDG-01:No povertySDG-02:Zero HungerSDG-03:Good heatlh and well-beingSDG-04:Quality EducationSDG-06:Clean water and sanitationSDG-07:Affordable and clean energySDG-08:Decent work and economic growthSDG-12:Responsible consumption and productionSDG-13:Climate actionSDG-14:Life below wate

Food-slab freezing front data

The dataset consists of three files that tabulate a) freezing front location vs penetration time (1500 data points, by a finite-difference model simulation), b) sensitivity of the penetration time due to thermal conductivity and latent heat independent perturbations (1200 data points); and c) sensitivity due to the combined effects of the aforementioned thermal properties (45 data points). Data in the second and third files were generated using an approximate solution to the freezing front (moving boundary) considering convective cooling and temperature-dependent thermal properties of a 1D food slab. The results are cast vs Biot module, cooling medium temperature, thermal conductivity, and effective heat capacity; all expressed as dimensionless quantities

Prisión preventiva y su vulneración del derecho de presunción de inocencia en el Cuarto Juzgado de investigación preparatoria de Trujillo, 2021

En la presente investigación se planteó como objetivo general, establecer de qué manera la prisión preventiva vulnera el derecho a la presunción de inocencia en el Cuarto Juzgado de Investigación Preparatoria de Trujillo durante el año 2021, en ese sentido y a fin de lograr el objetivo planteado, se recurrió a realizar entrevistas a profesionales especialistas, realizar un análisis documental, de jurisprudencia y doctrina. Este estudio se realizó a través de una investigación aplicada, con un enfoque cualitativo, se consideró un diseño de investigación de teoría fundamentada; con la aplicación de los instrumentos como la guía de entrevista y el análisis documental obtenniendo los resultados para el análisis correspondiente. Esta investigación concluye que, la prisión preventiva vulnera el derecho a la presunción de inocencia en el Cuarto Juzgado de Investigación Preparatoria de Trujillo durante el año 2021, el instituto legal de la prisión preventiva resulta arbitrario por una incongruente motivación de parte de quienes administran la justicia penal, llegando en ocasiones a vulnerar el derecho a la presunción de inocencia, que doctrinariamente se arguye que es una especie de escudo protector para el investigado en todos los ámbitos, pero existen casos que evidentemente vulnera los derechos fundamentales a los inculpados

Modelo para determinar vulnerabilidade social e risco de inundação na unidade hidrológica Chinandega-León (Nicaragua) como estratégia de adaptação às mudanças climáticas

The main interest of this research work is to promote scientific exchange on issues of the regional agenda and the socioeconomic development of the Central American region, facilitating a result through a novel model in a practical way, generating new ideas and knowledge that allows the continuous improvement, to face the new challenges and challenges related to climate change and comprehensive disaster risk management. The article shows the conceptual bases, the methodology used, the results and conclusions of a model used to determine social vulnerability and risk of flooding in the Chinandega-León hydrological unit, as a strategy for adaptation to climate change, Nicaragua. As a conclusion in the framework of SDGs 11 and 13, it was evidenced that the proposed model is this research work, it contributes to scientific knowledge for local, regional and national planning that involves mitigation of climate change, adaptation and adaptation. disaster resilience.It is emphasized that the management of social vulnerability was made as a variable of greater importance, since it is where the harmonization of the passive agent (society) with the active agent (natural environment) is based. On the other hand, the quantification of social vulnerability and risk as variables, and that they are directly proportional, is demonstrated. The variables that affect the reduction of vulnerability are those that are related to climate change adaptation variables, resilience (harmonization) and social preparedness.El principal interés del presente trabajo de investigación, es promover el intercambio científico en temas de la agenda regional y el desarrollo socioeconómico de la región centroamericana, facilitando un resultado por medio de un modelo novedoso de manera práctica, generando nuevas ideas y conocimientos que permita la mejora continua, para enfrentar los nuevos retos y desafíos relacionados con el cambio climático y la gestión integral del riesgo de desastre. El artículo muestra las bases conceptuales, la metodología empleada, los resultados y conclusiones de un modelo empleado para la determinación de la vulnerabilidad social y riesgo por inundaciones en la unidad hidrológica Chinandega-León, como una estrategia de adaptación al cambio climático, Nicaragua. Como conclusión en el marco de los ODS 11 y 13, se evidencio que el modelo propuesto es este trabajo de investigación, aporta a los conocimientos científicos para la planificación local, regional y nacional que involucran la mitigación ante el cambio climático, la adaptación y la resiliencia ante desastres. Se enfatiza que se hizo el manejo de la vulnerabilidad social como una variable de mayor importancia, ya que es donde se sustenta la armonización del agente pasivo (sociedad) con el agente activo (medio natural). Por otro lado, se demostrar la cuantificación de la vulnerabilidad social y el riesgo como variables, y que son directamente proporcionales. Las variables que inciden en la disminución de la vulnerabilidad, son las que están relacionadas llamadas variables de adaptación al cambio climático, la resiliencia (armonización) y la preparación social.O principal interesse deste trabalho de pesquisa é promover o intercâmbio científico sobre questões da agenda regional e o desenvolvimento socioeconômico da região centro-americana, facilitando um resultado através de um modelo inovador de forma prática, gerando novas ideias e conhecimentos que permitam a melhoria contínua , para enfrentar os novos desafios e desafios relacionados às mudanças climáticas e à gestão abrangente do risco de desastres. O artigo apresenta as bases conceituais, a metodologia utilizada, os resultados e as conclusões de um modelo utilizado para determinar a vulnerabilidade social e o risco de inundações na unidade hidrológica Chinandega-León, como estratégia de adaptação às mudanças climáticas, Nicarágua. Como conclusão no marco dos ODS 11 e 13, evidenciou-se que o modelo proposto é este trabalho de pesquisa, pois contribui para o conhecimento científico para o planejamento local, regional e nacional que envolve mitigação das mudanças climáticas, adaptação e adaptação. Ressalta-se que a gestão da vulnerabilidade social foi feita como uma variável de maior importância, pois é nela que se baseia a harmonização do agente passivo (sociedade) com o agente ativo (ambiente natural). Por outro lado, demonstra-se a quantificação da vulnerabilidade social e do risco como variáveis, e que são diretamente proporcionais. As variáveis ​​que afetam a redução da vulnerabilidade são aquelas relacionadas, denominadas variáveis ​​de adaptação às mudanças climáticas, resiliência (harmonização) e preparação social