Economia da habitação em madeira no Brasil: cenários e crises de 2013 a 2022

Timber housing sector has several features and is essential for civil construction and forestry chains. In Brazil, the economy related to timber housing is still an unprecedented topic. Thus, the paper aimed to estimate scenarios to delimit the annual volume of this sector. Three years were studied from rare data available in the literature. From these national outcomes, projections for next years were developed. Multiple case approaches composed the literature-based methodology. As a result, the sector endured distinct internal and external economic instabilities, whose associated factors compiled political and sanitary crises, specially, with negative influences. The economy of timber housing reached an average about 500 million Dollars in 2014, being halved in 2015 due to the government crisis marked by the impeachment of the Brazilian president. From 2016 to 2019, small improvements were verified for this sector. In 2020, this favorable scenario was stagnated by the global Covid-19 pandemic. After 2021, a sectoral recovery is forecast based on positive expectations on the Brazilian economy. The two-year period of domestic presidential impeachment was more economically catastrophic than the current three-year phase of sanitary pandemic with global implications. From our economic forecasts, it was possible to attest that the Brazilian sector of timber houses is economically perceptible.O setor de habitação em madeira possui muitas características e é essencial para as cadeias florestal e da construção civil. No Brasil, a economia relacionada à habitação em madeira é ainda um tópico inédito. Assim, o artigo teve como objetivo estimar cenários para delimitar o volume anual desse setor. Três anos foram estudados a partir dos raros dados disponíveis na literatura. A partir desses resultados nacionais, projeções para os anos seguintes foram desenvolvidas. O estudo de múltiplos casos compôs a metodologia baseada na literatura. Como resultado, o setor suportou diferentes instabilidades econômicas internas e externas, cujos fatores associados compilaram crises políticas e sanitárias, especialmente, com influências negativas. A economia brasileira da habitação em madeira alcançou uma média de 500 milhões de dólares em 2014, sendo reduzido à metade em 2015 devido à crise governamental marcada pelo impedimento da presidente brasileira. De 2016 a 2019, pequenas melhoras foram verificadas para esse setor. Em 2020, esse cenário favorável foi estagnado pela pandemia global da Covid-19. Após 2021, uma recuperação setorial é prevista baseada nas expectativas positivas sobre a economia brasileira. O período de dois anos de impedimento presidencial doméstico foi mais economicamente catastrófico do que o atual triênio de pandemia com implicações globais. A partir de nossas previsões econômicas, foi possível atestar que o setor brasileiro de casas de madeira é economicamente perceptível

Costos de casas en madera en diferentes estándares y producciones de Brasil

Context: Timber construction is not among the most popular options due to cultural issues in Brazil. Timber housing standards and costs remain uncertain subjects, and this study seeks to investigate these secular gaps. Method: Basic unitary costs for different finishing standards and production types were measured through face-to-face interviews led by a semi-structured questionnaire. A margin of error was used to validate all results. Entrepreneurs from six Brazilian states were randomly interviewed to obtain a representative sample. Results: The sampling exceeded 50% of the sector population and provided significant outcomes. More than 40% of timber housing techniques showed competitive costs in comparison with masonry. There are feasible alternatives of timber housing for the different scenarios analyzed. Conclusions: Timber houses are economically viable in Brazil, even compared to traditional examples built via masonry. Attractive costs for all social classes symbolize a strong factor in conquering housing markets.Contexto: La construcción en madera no está entre las opciones más populares debido a problemas culturales en Brasil. Los estándares y costos de la habitación en madera siguen siendo temas inciertos, y este estudio busca investigar estas brechas seculares. Método: Los costos unitarios básicos para diferentes estándares de acabado y tipos de producción se midieron a través de entrevistas cara a cara dirigidas por un cuestionario semiestructurado. Se utilizó un margen de error para validar todos los resultados. Se entrevistó aleatoriamente a empresarios de seis estados brasileños para obtener una muestra representativa. Resultados: El muestreo superó el 50 % de la población del sector y proporcionó resultados significativos. Más del 40 % de las técnicas de construcción en madera mostraron costos competitivos en comparación con la albañilería. Existen alternativas viables de vivienda en madera en los diferentes escenarios analizados. Conclusiones: Las casas de madera son económicamente viables en Brasil, incluso en comparación con los ejemplos tradicionales construidos en albañilería. Los costos atractivos para todas las clases sociales simbolizan un factor fuerte en la conquista de los mercados inmobiliarios

Costs of Timber Houses in Different Standards and Productions in Brazil

Context: Timber construction is not among the most popular options due to cultural issues in Brazil. Timber housing standards and costs remain uncertain subjects, and this study seeks to investigate these secular gaps. Method: Basic unitary costs for different finishing standards and production types were measured through face-to-face interviews led by a semi-structured questionnaire. A margin of error was used to validate all results. Entrepreneurs from six Brazilian states were randomly interviewed to obtain a representative sample. Results: The sampling exceeded 50% of the sector population and provided significant outcomes. More than 40% of timber housing techniques showed competitive costs in comparison with masonry. There are feasible alternatives of timber housing for the different scenarios analyzed. Conclusions: Timber houses are economically viable in Brazil, even compared to traditional examples built via masonry. Attractive costs for all social classes symbolize a strong factor in conquering housing markets

Chacinas de Belém

A maioria das mortes por homicídio no Brasil e no mundo é perpetrada pelo uso de armas de fogo. Belém, no estado do Pará, no Brasil, experimentou uma onda de homicídios por uso de armas de fogo no período de 2014 a 2020. Parte dessas execuções pode ser atribuída à ocorrência de chacinas nos bairros periféricos da capital paraense, a partir de 2014, e tiveram a participação de grupos milicianos e de extermínio formados, em parte, por agentes das forças de segurança pública local. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar qual a relação dos grupos milicianos e de extermínio na ocorrência dos homicídios por uso de armas de fogo no período de 2014 a 2020 em Belém/PA. Trata-se de uma pesquisa aplicada, com abordagem exploratória descritiva, de natureza quantitativa, a partir de dados secundários dos homicídios efetivados por uso de arma de fogo obtidos na Secretaria Adjunta de Inteligência e Análise Criminal, vinculada à Secretaria de Estado de Segurança Pública e Defesa Social do Pará, relacionando esses dados aos achados da literatura referentes às ocorrências de chacinas no município de Belém. Os achados revelam que, aproximadamente, 1.000 homicídios por perfuração de armas de fogo não tiveram procedimento policial instaurado, que 31 pessoas foram vitimadas em eventos de chacinas, cuja autoria foi atribuída a grupos milicianos e de extermínio; em contrapartida, as fontes jornalísticas e da literatura científica registram a ocorrência de 83 homicídios por uso de armas de fogo em eventos de chacinas com participação de grupos milicianos e de extermínio. Após a análise das informações, revelou-se que os picos nos números de homicídios coincidem com a ocorrência de chacinas em Belém e que as milícias e os grupos de extermínio são apontados como possíveis autores deste morticínio

Evaluation of Muscle Damage, Body Temperature, Peak Torque and Fatigue Index in Three Different Methods of Strength Gain

International Journal of Exercise Science 13(3): 1352-1365, 2020. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare three different strength training protocols for the lower limbs by using biochemical indicators of muscle damage, thermographic analysis, and neuromuscular performance. In total, 10 men (age: 22.50 ± 2.84 years; weight, 75.45 ± 6.86 kg) completed the study. All the athletes were subjected to three methods of resistance training (RT): traditional, tension, and occlusion training. Serum concentrations of creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase were used as indicators of muscle damage. To measure muscle strength, the peak force, and fatigue index were determined using a Kratos load cell. Images were captured using an infrared camera (FLIR T640sc). The vascular occlusion method demonstrated a 33% reduction in post-training peak torque (p \u3c 0.001; ɳ2p: 2.74), which was recovered within 24 h (p \u3c 0.001; ɳ2p: 1.08). The thermographic analysis revealed a reduction in skin temperature in both thighs after the tension (−9.37%) and vascular occlusion (−6.01%) methods. In conclusion, the occlusion training seems to provide additional benefits as compared to the other two methods of strength training

Sustainability in the brazilian timber housing virtual market

Timber housing is a sustainable bioresource-based alternative to traditional construction with masonry and steel, and recent studies have shown that this sector in Brazil has hundreds of timber housing SMEs. This exploratory study, while analyzing this population, evaluated the profiles available on Instagram®, observing their business strategies and what they have disclosed to clients on sustainability benefits and issues. All the available corporate profiles were surveyed, and a significant sample of about 80% of a sector was compiled, from a market currently formed by over 400 companies. However, about 70% of these Brazilian companies still do not adequately explore sustainability issues in their timber housing products and service, evidencing an incipient scenario. Moreover, there is a clear opportunity to leverage the arguments posted on their Instagram® profiles as an affirmative awareness strategy. Although some justifications were suggested to convince domestic customers to consider timber housing, this virtual market has a lot of room for improvement.Las viviendas de madera procesada son sustentables y basadas en biorecursos, siendo una alternativa a la construcción tradicional de albañilería y acero y estudios recuentes han demostrado que este sector, en Brasil, cuenta con cientos de pequeñas y medianas empresas dedicadas a este tipo de vivienda. Este estudio exploratorio, a la vez que analizó esta población, evaluó los perfiles disponibles en Instagram®, observando sus estrategias de negocio y lo que revelan a sus clientes sobre los beneficios en cuando a sustentabilidad y asuntos relacionados a esta. Todos los perfiles corporativos disponibles fueron estudiados y se compiló una muestra significativa de alrededor del 80% de un sector, desde un mercado actualmente compuesto por más de 400 empresas. Sin embargo, alrededor del 70% de estas empresas brasileñas aún no exploran adecuadamente los temas de sustentabilidad de sus productos y servicios de viviendas de madera, lo que evidencia un escenario incipiente. Además, existe una clara oportunidad para aprovecharse de los argumentos publicados en sus perfiles de Instagram® como una estrategia de concientización afirmativa. Aunque se sugirieron algunas justificaciones para convencer a los clientes nacionales para considerar las viviendas de madera, este mercado virtual puede mejorar sustantivamente.As casas de madeira são uma alternativa sustentável e baseada em biorrecursos à construção tradicional com alvenaria e aço. Estudos recentes mostram que esse setor no Brasil é representado por centenas de PMEs focadas em casas de madeira. Este estudo exploratório analisou essa população por meio de uma avaliação dos perfis disponíveis na rede social Instagram®, observando suas estratégias de negócios e o que divulgavam aos clientes sobre benefícios e questões relativas à sustentabilidade. Todos os perfis corporativos disponíveis foram pesquisados e uma amostra significativa de cerca de 80% do setor foi compilada, em um mercado atualmente formado por mais de 400 empresas. No entanto, cerca de 70% dessas empresas brasileiras ainda não exploram adequadamente as questões da sustentabilidade em seus produtos e serviços de habitação de madeira, evidenciando um cenário incipiente. Além disso, existe uma clara oportunidade para aproveitar os argumentos publicados em seus perfis do Instagram® como uma estratégia afirmativa de conscientização. Embora algumas justificativas tenham sido sugeridas para convencer os clientes domésticos a considerarem a habitação de madeira, ainda resta muito espaço para melhorias nesse mercado virtual

Closure of hemicorporectomy using a subtotal unilateral tight flap: a case report

Hemicorporectomy or translumbar amputation was first described in 1950 by Kredel to treat locally advanced pelvic neoplasia. This extensive surgical procedure can achieve oncological cure and improve clinical status and quality of life. The authors present a case report of a 34-year-old patient with squamous cell carcinoma in a chronic pressure ulcer affecting the right perineum, gluteus, and posterior thigh. The patient underwent hemicorporectomy with reconstructive surgery using a partial-thickness flap of the left thigh. The postoperative course was good, and the use of a partial-thickness flap of the thigh to close the hemicorporectomy proved to be safe, efficient, and reproducible

Sixteen properties of Eucalyptus Tereticornis wood for structural uses

Forest Red Gum eucalypt provides a versatile wood and is converted into different purposes. However, such wood is somewhat limited in structural ends, which highlights the need to exploit this gap through diffusion of mechanical properties of such timber. Obtained results should assist engineers and architects in decision-making for its best building application. This paper studied two physical and fourteen mechanical properties evaluation of Eucalyptus tereticornis at two different moisture contents, following the prescriptions of Brazilian (ABNT NBR 7190: 1997) and North American (ASTM D-143-14: 2014) standard documents. Thus, 1091 repeats were carried out for all properties. By a moisture reduction from 30% to 12%, the bulk density and eleven strength properties statistically showed changes such as modulus of rupture (static bending, parallel and perpendicular compressions), modulus of elasticity (perpendicular compression and static bending), shear stress, tangential cleavage, and parallel and perpendicular hardnesses. Then, the Eucalyptus tereticornis timber could be better usable if is further applied for structural construction uses

Evaluation of Eucalyptus microcorys wood properties

Eucalypt varieties have been identified as multipurpose materials. With origins in those nations of Oceania, this genus has been applied for purposes such as pulp and paper, bioenergy, civil construction, and furniture. Very suitable as firewood and charcoal, Eucalyptus microcorys would have good potentialities as structural solutions for construction. But, this wood species is not easily found as building parts in the Brazilian market. This paper aimed to develop a broad evaluation of this species to highlight their features for the utilization as structural lumber. Based on the Brazilian standard document on wooden structures, sixteen properties were evaluated to emphasize such potentialities. Using two moisture contents, these conditions were adopted to identify each wood property at green and dried points. About 966 repeats were realized in these tests. Nine properties showed influences with the moisture reduction as well as perceptible increases in their resistances: static bending, parallel and perpendicular compressions, and parallel tensile in the modulus of rupture; perpendicular compression and parallel tensile in the modulus of elasticity; and, shear stress and hardness properties in parallel and perpendicular directions. Eucalyptus microcorys wood reached good resistance properties, justifying its potentiality for construction in structural uses