Evaluation of the mechanisms underlying the lung inflammation following intestinal ischemia / reperfusion (I/R) in genetically selected mice.

Neste estudo caracterizamos a inflamação pulmonar aguda decorrente da I/R intestinal em camundongos geneticamente selecionados para baixa (AIRmin) ou alta (AIRmax) reatividade inflamatória aguda os quais foram obtidos por Seleção Genética Bidirecional. Paralelamente, camundongos da linhagem Balb/c foram utilizados, como referência dos parâmetros investigados. A isquemia intestinal foi induzida pela obstrução da artéria mesentérica superior (AMS) por 45 min seguida de sua desobstrução. Após 4 h de reperfusão intestinal a inflamação pulmonar foi avaliada por meio da atividade pulmonar de mieloperoxidase (MPO), número de leucócitos (no sangue, na medula óssea e no baço), permeabilidade vascular, dosagem de citocinas (IL-1b, IL-10, IL-6 e TNF-a) e a produção de nitratos e nitritos em cultura de ex-vivo de tecido pulmonar (explante). A I/R-intestinal induziu aumento da atividade MPO (mieloperoxidase), aumento da permeabilidade vascular pulmonar e neutrofilia nas três linhagens estudadas, com maior intensidade em camundongos AIRmax. A celularidade da medula óssea e baço não foi afetada pela I/R intestinal nas linhagens AIRmin e AIRmax. A I/R intestinal aumentou a atividade de MPO intestinal nas linhagens Balb/c, AIRmin e AIRmax, porém este parâmetro não diferiu dentro das linhagens estudadas. Por outro lado, o intestino não desenvolveu aumento de extravasamento plasmático. O explante pulmonar de animais AIRmax geraram níveis significativamente elevados de nitratos e nitritos após a I/R-intestinal. A quantidade de citocinas produzidas espontaneamente pelo explante pulmonar não diferiu entre as linhagens AIRmin e AIRmax. Todavia, na vigência de estímulo secundário (lipopolisacarídeo), a produção de IL-1b e IL-10 foi maior na linhagem AIRmax. A taxa de mortalidade após I/R intestinal não difere entre as linhagens AIRmin e AIRmax, todavia na linhagem AIRmin as mortes ocorrem mais precocemente (4h) após a I/R intestinal, em contraste aquela encontrado nos animais de AIRmax (12h). Concluindo, nossos dados permitem sugerir que os animais geneticamente selecionados reagem diferentemente após a I/R intestinal, de modo que os animais AIRmin mostram uma sensibilidade realçada (nos termos da taxa de mortalidade), e em contrapartida os animais AIRmax um maior reatividade (nos termos da resposta inflamatória para I/R). Contudo, nós sugerimos que as alterações genotípicas devido à seleção podem explicar uma exacerbada resposta inflamatória para I/R em camundongos AIRmax coexistindo com um perfil mais favorável de letalidade visto que o oposto é observado em animais de AIRmin.The aim of this study was to characterize the acute lung inflammation due to intestinal I/R in mice selected for high (AIRmax) or low (AIRmin) acute inflammatory response by means of bidirectional genetic selection. Balb/c mice were also used as a reference control of the parameters evaluated. Intestinal ischemia was induced by a 45-min clamping of the superior mesenteric artery; the clamping was then released and the lung inflammation was evaluated after a 4-h reperfusion period by measurements of myeloperoxidase (MPO) lung activity, leukocyte number (in blood, bone marrow and spleen), vascular permeability, cytokines (IL-1b, IL-10, IL-6 and TNF-a) and production of nitrates and nitrites in lung tissue ex vivo cultures (explants). Intestinal I/R induced an increase of the lung acute inflammatory reaction as judged by the increase of MPO activity and of vascular permeability and the influx of neutrophils in every animallineage studied, being the AIRmax mice the most reactive ones. However, the cellularity of the bone marrow and spleen was not affected by intestinal I/R in AIRmax or AIRmin mice. Intestinal I/R caused an increase of MPO activity in the gut of Balb/c, AIRmax and AIRmin mice, with no differences from each other. On the other hand, no intestinal plasma extravasation was noticed. Nitrites and nitrates production was higher in cultures of AIRmax mice lung explants after intestinal I/R. The spontaneous production of cytokines was not different among AIRmax and AIRmin lung explants, being significantly increased in AIRmax samples upon bacteriallipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation(IL-1b e IL-10). The profile of mortality among AIRmax and AIRmin was not altered by intestinal I/R. However, the mortality rate of injured AIRmin mice was found as early as 4 h after intestinal I/R, in contrast with that found in AIRmax animals (12 h after). In conclusion, our data suggest that genetically selected AIRmax and AIRmin mice react differentially to intestinal I/R, so that AIRmin mice show enhanced sensitivity (in terms of mortality rate), and their AIRmax counterparts show enhanced responsiveness (in terms of inflammatory response to I/R). Overall, we suggest that the genotypic changes due to selection may explain why an exacerbated inflammatory response to I/R in AIRmax mice coexists with a more favorable profile oflethality, whereas the opposite is seen in AIRmin animals

Etude de l'activation de cellules pulmonaires par un extrait de fumée de cigarette ou par l'élastase du neutrophile associés au lipopolysaccharideEtude des effets d'un inhibiteur de phophodiestérase de type 4, le roflumilast

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a pathology characterized by an abnormal inflammatory response and associated with a destruction of lung parenchyma and loss of lung elasticity, leading to an airway limitation not fully reversible. Tobacco smoking continues to be a major cause of COPD. Cigarette smoke activates epithelial cells and resident macrophages by releasing proteases and chemokines. This phenomenon is responsible of the migration of inflammatory cells in the lung tissue such as neutrophils, macrophages and lymphocytes. These cells are able to release proteolytic enzymes leading to the degradation of components of the extracellular matrix. Among these proteases, neutrophil elastase (NE) seems to stimulate the secretion of cytokines involved in chronic inflammation. Strong evidence shows that recurrent bacterial infections contribute to the inflammatory process and consequently to the worsening of COPD. Based on these observations, we studied the early events in the development of COPD associated with recurrent bacterial infection. Initially we showed that the combination of a cigarette smoke extract associated with low doses of LPS is able to synergistically increase the release of chemokines, by alveolar epithelial cells through the activation of MAP kinase signaling pathways ERK1/2 and JAK/STAT. We also demonstrated that the phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, roflumilast N-oxide (RNO) inhibits the secretion of these cytokines, thereby inactivating pathways JAK/STAT and ERK1/2. Moreover, we have demonstrated that neutrophil elastase (NE) can lead to the release of chemokines by alveolar epithelial cells by activating the p38 signaling pathway. Moreover the treatment of the cells with roflumilast N-oxide significantly reduces the production of these chemokines. This in vitro model demonstrates the synergistic effect of CSE associated with LPS on the release of cytokines and activation of signaling pathways. This effect could be responsible for the progression and exacerbation of COPD. Our study also shows the effect of RNO on the release of cytokines induced by NE or by the combination CSE/LPS. These results highlight other mechanisms by which Roflumilast N-oxide exerts its anti-inflammatory effect in COPDLa bronchopneumopathie chronique obstructive (BPCO) est une maladie caractérisée par une réaction inflammatoire intense avec une destruction du parenchyme pulmonaire et une perte d’élasticité du poumon conduisant à une obstruction quasi-irréversible des voies aériennes. L’utilisation du tabac est le principal facteur de risque de cette maladie. La fumée de cigarette active les cellules épithéliales et les macrophages résidents en libérant des protéases et des chimiokines. Ces phénomènes sont responsables de l’infiltration de cellules inflammatoires dans le poumon, telles que les neutrophiles, les macrophages et les lymphocytes. Ces cellules libèrent des enzymes protéolytiques capables de dégrader les composants de la matrice extracellulaire. Parmi ces protéases, l’élastase du neutrophile (NE) semble stimuler la sécrétion de cytokines, participant ainsi à une inflammation chronique. De fortes évidences montrent que des infections bactériennes récurrentes contribuent à ce processus inflammatoire et par conséquent à l’aggravation de la BPCO. A partir de ces observations, nous nous sommes intéressés aux événements précoces du développement de la BPCO associés à une infection bactérienne récurrente. Dans un premier temps, nous avons montré que l’association d’un extrait de fumée de cigarette à de faibles doses de LPS est capable d’augmenter de façon synergique la libération des chimiokines par les cellules épithéliales alvéolaires. Ce phénomène implique l’activation des voies de signalisation MAP kinase ERK1/2 et JAK/STAT. Nous avons mis en évidence que l’inhibiteur de la phosphodiestérase 4, le roflumilast N-oxide, empêche la sécrétion de ces cytokines inactivant ainsi les voies JAK/STAT et ERK1/2. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons démontré que la NE peut conduire à la libération de chimiokines par des cellules épithéliales alvéolaires en activant la voie de signalisation p38 et que le roflumilast N-oxide diminue le taux de ces chimiokines. Une approche in vitro sur un modèle de cellules épithéliales alvéolaires a permis de démontrer l’effet synergique du CSE associé au LPS sur la libération de cytokines et sur l’activation des voies de signalisation. Cet effet pourrait être responsable de la progression et de l’exacerbation de la BPCO. Notre étude montre aussi les effets du roflumilast sur la libération de cytokines induites par la NE ou par le CSE/LPS. Ces résultats mettent en lumière d’autres mécanismes par lesquels le roflumilast N-oxide exerce son effet anti-inflammatoire dans la BPCO

Study of the activation of pulmonary cells by cigarette smoke extract or by neutrophil elastase associated with lipopolysaccharide : Study of the effects of an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase type 4, roflumilas-N Oxyde

La bronchopneumopathie chronique obstructive (BPCO) est une maladie caractérisée par une réaction inflammatoire intense avec une destruction du parenchyme pulmonaire et une perte d’élasticité du poumon conduisant à une obstruction quasi-irréversible des voies aériennes. L’utilisation du tabac est le principal facteur de risque de cette maladie. La fumée de cigarette active les cellules épithéliales et les macrophages résidents en libérant des protéases et des chimiokines. Ces phénomènes sont responsables de l’infiltration de cellules inflammatoires dans le poumon, telles que les neutrophiles, les macrophages et les lymphocytes. Ces cellules libèrent des enzymes protéolytiques capables de dégrader les composants de la matrice extracellulaire. Parmi ces protéases, l’élastase du neutrophile (NE) semble stimuler la sécrétion de cytokines, participant ainsi à une inflammation chronique. De fortes évidences montrent que des infections bactériennes récurrentes contribuent à ce processus inflammatoire et par conséquent à l’aggravation de la BPCO. A partir de ces observations, nous nous sommes intéressés aux événements précoces du développement de la BPCO associés à une infection bactérienne récurrente. Dans un premier temps, nous avons montré que l’association d’un extrait de fumée de cigarette à de faibles doses de LPS est capable d’augmenter de façon synergique la libération des chimiokines par les cellules épithéliales alvéolaires. Ce phénomène implique l’activation des voies de signalisation MAP kinase ERK1/2 et JAK/STAT. Nous avons mis en évidence que l’inhibiteur de la phosphodiestérase 4, le roflumilast N-oxide, empêche la sécrétion de ces cytokines inactivant ainsi les voies JAK/STAT et ERK1/2. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons démontré que la NE peut conduire à la libération de chimiokines par des cellules épithéliales alvéolaires en activant la voie de signalisation p38 et que le roflumilast N-oxide diminue le taux de ces chimiokines. Une approche in vitro sur un modèle de cellules épithéliales alvéolaires a permis de démontrer l’effet synergique du CSE associé au LPS sur la libération de cytokines et sur l’activation des voies de signalisation. Cet effet pourrait être responsable de la progression et de l’exacerbation de la BPCO. Notre étude montre aussi les effets du roflumilast sur la libération de cytokines induites par la NE ou par le CSE/LPS. Ces résultats mettent en lumière d’autres mécanismes par lesquels le roflumilast N-oxide exerce son effet anti-inflammatoire dans la BPCO.Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a pathology characterized by an abnormal inflammatory response and associated with a destruction of lung parenchyma and loss of lung elasticity, leading to an airway limitation not fully reversible. Tobacco smoking continues to be a major cause of COPD. Cigarette smoke activates epithelial cells and resident macrophages by releasing proteases and chemokines. This phenomenon is responsible of the migration of inflammatory cells in the lung tissue such as neutrophils, macrophages and lymphocytes. These cells are able to release proteolytic enzymes leading to the degradation of components of the extracellular matrix. Among these proteases, neutrophil elastase (NE) seems to stimulate the secretion of cytokines involved in chronic inflammation. Strong evidence shows that recurrent bacterial infections contribute to the inflammatory process and consequently to the worsening of COPD. Based on these observations, we studied the early events in the development of COPD associated with recurrent bacterial infection. Initially we showed that the combination of a cigarette smoke extract associated with low doses of LPS is able to synergistically increase the release of chemokines, by alveolar epithelial cells through the activation of MAP kinase signaling pathways ERK1/2 and JAK/STAT. We also demonstrated that the phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, roflumilast N-oxide (RNO) inhibits the secretion of these cytokines, thereby inactivating pathways JAK/STAT and ERK1/2. Moreover, we have demonstrated that neutrophil elastase (NE) can lead to the release of chemokines by alveolar epithelial cells by activating the p38 signaling pathway. Moreover the treatment of the cells with roflumilast N-oxide significantly reduces the production of these chemokines. This in vitro model demonstrates the synergistic effect of CSE associated with LPS on the release of cytokines and activation of signaling pathways. This effect could be responsible for the progression and exacerbation of COPD. Our study also shows the effect of RNO on the release of cytokines induced by NE or by the combination CSE/LPS. These results highlight other mechanisms by which Roflumilast N-oxide exerts its anti-inflammatory effect in COP

Evaluation of the mechanisms underlying the lung inflammation following intestinal ischemia / reperfusion (I/R) in genetically selected mice.

Neste estudo caracterizamos a inflamação pulmonar aguda decorrente da I/R intestinal em camundongos geneticamente selecionados para baixa (AIRmin) ou alta (AIRmax) reatividade inflamatória aguda os quais foram obtidos por Seleção Genética Bidirecional. Paralelamente, camundongos da linhagem Balb/c foram utilizados, como referência dos parâmetros investigados. A isquemia intestinal foi induzida pela obstrução da artéria mesentérica superior (AMS) por 45 min seguida de sua desobstrução. Após 4 h de reperfusão intestinal a inflamação pulmonar foi avaliada por meio da atividade pulmonar de mieloperoxidase (MPO), número de leucócitos (no sangue, na medula óssea e no baço), permeabilidade vascular, dosagem de citocinas (IL-1b, IL-10, IL-6 e TNF-a) e a produção de nitratos e nitritos em cultura de ex-vivo de tecido pulmonar (explante). A I/R-intestinal induziu aumento da atividade MPO (mieloperoxidase), aumento da permeabilidade vascular pulmonar e neutrofilia nas três linhagens estudadas, com maior intensidade em camundongos AIRmax. A celularidade da medula óssea e baço não foi afetada pela I/R intestinal nas linhagens AIRmin e AIRmax. A I/R intestinal aumentou a atividade de MPO intestinal nas linhagens Balb/c, AIRmin e AIRmax, porém este parâmetro não diferiu dentro das linhagens estudadas. Por outro lado, o intestino não desenvolveu aumento de extravasamento plasmático. O explante pulmonar de animais AIRmax geraram níveis significativamente elevados de nitratos e nitritos após a I/R-intestinal. A quantidade de citocinas produzidas espontaneamente pelo explante pulmonar não diferiu entre as linhagens AIRmin e AIRmax. Todavia, na vigência de estímulo secundário (lipopolisacarídeo), a produção de IL-1b e IL-10 foi maior na linhagem AIRmax. A taxa de mortalidade após I/R intestinal não difere entre as linhagens AIRmin e AIRmax, todavia na linhagem AIRmin as mortes ocorrem mais precocemente (4h) após a I/R intestinal, em contraste aquela encontrado nos animais de AIRmax (12h). Concluindo, nossos dados permitem sugerir que os animais geneticamente selecionados reagem diferentemente após a I/R intestinal, de modo que os animais AIRmin mostram uma sensibilidade realçada (nos termos da taxa de mortalidade), e em contrapartida os animais AIRmax um maior reatividade (nos termos da resposta inflamatória para I/R). Contudo, nós sugerimos que as alterações genotípicas devido à seleção podem explicar uma exacerbada resposta inflamatória para I/R em camundongos AIRmax coexistindo com um perfil mais favorável de letalidade visto que o oposto é observado em animais de AIRmin.The aim of this study was to characterize the acute lung inflammation due to intestinal I/R in mice selected for high (AIRmax) or low (AIRmin) acute inflammatory response by means of bidirectional genetic selection. Balb/c mice were also used as a reference control of the parameters evaluated. Intestinal ischemia was induced by a 45-min clamping of the superior mesenteric artery; the clamping was then released and the lung inflammation was evaluated after a 4-h reperfusion period by measurements of myeloperoxidase (MPO) lung activity, leukocyte number (in blood, bone marrow and spleen), vascular permeability, cytokines (IL-1b, IL-10, IL-6 and TNF-a) and production of nitrates and nitrites in lung tissue ex vivo cultures (explants). Intestinal I/R induced an increase of the lung acute inflammatory reaction as judged by the increase of MPO activity and of vascular permeability and the influx of neutrophils in every animallineage studied, being the AIRmax mice the most reactive ones. However, the cellularity of the bone marrow and spleen was not affected by intestinal I/R in AIRmax or AIRmin mice. Intestinal I/R caused an increase of MPO activity in the gut of Balb/c, AIRmax and AIRmin mice, with no differences from each other. On the other hand, no intestinal plasma extravasation was noticed. Nitrites and nitrates production was higher in cultures of AIRmax mice lung explants after intestinal I/R. The spontaneous production of cytokines was not different among AIRmax and AIRmin lung explants, being significantly increased in AIRmax samples upon bacteriallipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation(IL-1b e IL-10). The profile of mortality among AIRmax and AIRmin was not altered by intestinal I/R. However, the mortality rate of injured AIRmin mice was found as early as 4 h after intestinal I/R, in contrast with that found in AIRmax animals (12 h after). In conclusion, our data suggest that genetically selected AIRmax and AIRmin mice react differentially to intestinal I/R, so that AIRmin mice show enhanced sensitivity (in terms of mortality rate), and their AIRmax counterparts show enhanced responsiveness (in terms of inflammatory response to I/R). Overall, we suggest that the genotypic changes due to selection may explain why an exacerbated inflammatory response to I/R in AIRmax mice coexists with a more favorable profile oflethality, whereas the opposite is seen in AIRmin animals

Oxidative Imbalance as a Crucial Factor in Inflammatory Lung Diseases: Could Antioxidant Treatment Constitute a New Therapeutic Strategy?

International audienceInflammatory lung disease results in a high global burden of death and disability. There are no effective treatments for the most severe forms of many inflammatory lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, emphysema, corticosteroid-resistant asthma, and coronavirus disease 2019; hence, new treatment options are required. Here, we review the role of oxidative imbalance in the development of difficult-to-treat inflammatory lung diseases. The inflammation-induced overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) means that endogenous antioxidants may not be sufficient to prevent oxidative damage, resulting in an oxidative imbalance in the lung. In turn, intracellular signaling events trigger the production of proinflammatory mediators that perpetuate and aggravate the inflammatory response and may lead to tissue damage. The production of high levels of ROS in inflammatory lung diseases can induce the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, the inactivation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling and histone deacetylase 2, a decrease in glucocorticoid binding to its receptor, and thus resistance to glucocorticoid treatment. Hence, antioxidant treatment might be a therapeutic option for inflammatory lung diseases. Preclinical studies have shown that antioxidants (alone or combined with anti-inflammatory drugs) are effective in the treatment of inflammatory lung diseases, although the clinical evidence of efficacy is weaker. Despite the high level of evidence for the efficacy of antioxidants in the treatment of inflammatory lung diseases, the discovery and clinical investigation of safer, more efficacious compounds are now a priority

L’inflammasome NLRP3 : physiopathologie et application thérapeutique

National audienceThe innate immune system constitutes the first line of host defense against pathogens. "Nonself", such as exogenous particles or pathogens, triggers an inflammatory response. Inflammasomes are molecular platforms activated upon cellular infection or stress that trigger the maturation of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β. Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway, the most extensively studied, appears to be the corner stone of many inflammatory diseases, including Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis and gout. Cryopyrine-associated periodic syndromes (CAPS) are NLRP3 inflammasome-associated diseases. Canakinumab (Ilaris(®)) is the only drug approved for CAPS treatment in France. Targeted therapy against NLRP3 inflammasome and IL-1β might be the new anti-inflammatory drugs

The Role of Oxidative Imbalance on Pulmonary Diseases

International audienc

Characterization of human airway epithelial cell lines as in vitro models of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

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Effects of the nerve growth factor and its carrier protein on the inflammatory response from human monocytes

International audienceBackground: The nerve growth factor (NGF) has been previously shown to be involved in cellular proliferation, differentiation, survival, or wound healing. This factor displays a variety of biological effects that yet remain to be explored. Previous data on cell lines show a pro-inflammatory role of NGF on monocytes.Objectives: The objective of the study was to investigate the pro-inflammatory effect of NGF, using a model of fresh human monocytes.Methods: Monocytes obtained from PBMC were exposed to NGF at various concentrations. Alternatively, monocytes were exposed to BSA, the NGF carrier protein without the NGF. Gene expression and cytokine release in the supernatant were monitored.Results: We found that NGF increased the expression of pro-inflammatory, chemotactic, and remodeling genes such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and C-X-C motif ligand (CXCL)8. The protein levels of CXCL8 and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 were also increased in the cell supernatants following NGF exposure. BSA alone was found to drive part of this response, bringing nuance to the inflammatory potential of the NGF.Conclusion: These data suggest that NGF is able to enhance monocyte inflammatory responses once cells are stimulated with another signal but is possibly not able to directly activate it. This could have implications for example in patients with bacterial infections, where NGF could worsen the local inflammation by over-activating immune cells