Salmonellosis in wild birds and its relationship with the infection in finishing pigs

The potential relationship between Salmonella infection in wild birds and pigs was investigated. Feces from pigs, wild birds, and bird droppings or other environmental samples from 25 finishing farms were cultured for Salmonella isolation. In 17 (68%) farms Salmonella was isolated. Out of 57 Salmonella isolates found, 32 (56.1%) were Typhimurium. In 6 (24%) farms the same Salmonella serotype was isolated from samples from different origins and similar AR and PFGE patterns were found, which would support the existence of a transmission cycle of Salmonella infection between birds and pigs in this area. Preventing bird access to farm premises is highly recommended

Estudio serológico de la infección por Salmonella spp. en cerdos de engorde del Noreste de España y factores de riesgo asociados

The results of a serological survey carried out in northeastern Spain to estimate the seroprevalence to Salmonella spp. and to determine potential risk factors are presented. Sera were obtained from farms submitting serum samples to the Regional Diagnostic Laboratory (RDL) for the diagnosis of other infectious diseases included within official eradication/surveillance programs, and farm data collected through a questionnaire. Out of 6,182 pig sera (217 farms) analyzed 1,219 (19.7%) were positive (optical density, OD ≥ 40%). More than 70% of the herds presented ≥ 1 seropositive animal indicating that salmonellosis was widespread. In a multivariable logistic mixed regression model seroprevalence was associated with farms where birds were visible inside the fattening units (OR = 2.1; 95% CI: 1.3-3.2) or that shared workers with other pig farms (OR = 2.5; 95% CI: 1.4-4.7). Seropositivity also increased when farmers used footwear exclusive for the farm (OR = 3.1; 95% CI: 1.3-7.3) or pigs were fed mostly with pellets (OR = 1.7; 95% CI: 1.1-2.6). It was also higher during the fall and winter months. The presence of a changing room and shower in the farm was negatively associated with it (OR = 0.5; 95% CI: 0.3-0.8). Most risk factors could be mitigated through strict hygiene and biosecurity measures, but the high (> 40%) within-herd seroprevalence observed in many herds may challenge the capacity of intervention of animal health authorities.Se presentan los resultados de un estudio serológico realizado en explotaciones porcinas del Noreste de España para estimar la seroprevalencia frente a Salmonella spp. y determinar posibles factores de riesgo asociados. Los sueros se obtuvieron a partir de aquellos enviados por las explotaciones al Laboratorio Regional de Diagnóstico para el diagnóstico de otras enfermedades infecciosas sometidas a erradicación/vigilancia oficial, y los datos sobre las explotaciones se recogieron mediante un cuestionario. De un total de 6.182 sueros de cerdo (217 granjas) analizados 1.219 (19,7%) resultaron positivos (densidad óptica, DO ≥ 40%). Más del 70% de los rebaños presentaron al menos un animal positivo, indicando que la salmonelosis está ampliamente distribuida en la región. Según un modelo multivariable mixto de regresión logística, la seroprevalencia se asoció con granjas en las cuales se veían aves en el interior de las naves (OR = 2,1; IC 95%: 1,3-3,2) y también con granjas que compartían trabajadores (OR = 2,5; IC 95%: 1,4-4,7). Se observó que la seropositividad se incrementaba cuando los trabajadores usaban botas exclusivas en la explotación (OR = 3,1; IC 95%: 1,3-7,3) o al alimentar a los cerdos principalmente con alimento granulado (OR = 1,7; IC 95%: 1,1-2,6). La seroprevalencia también fue superior durante los meses de otoño e invierno. La existencia en las granjas de vestuarios y duchas para el personal se asoció negativamente con la seroprevalencia (OR = 0,5; IC 95%: 0,3-0,8). La mayoría de los factores de riesgo podrían controlarse a través de estrictas medidas de higiene y bioseguridad, pero el gran número de rebaños que presentaron alta seroprevalencia (> 40%) puede poner a prueba la capacidad de intervención de las autoridades sanitarias oficiales

Serological characterization of Salmonella spp. infection in finishing pigs from NE Spain

The seroprevalence of salmonella spp. In finishing pigs in Aragón (NE of Spain) and the potential factors associated with it were assessed. Serum samples were collected directly from the Regional Diagnostic Laboratory (RDL). Only farms submitting a minimum of 30 serum samples to the RDL were included, i.e. exporting and farrow-to-finish farms, and those in the last stages of the Aujezsky\u27s disease eradication program

Challenges of Recruiting a Vulnerable Population in a Grounded Theory Study

Recruitment is a crucial and fundamental part of research and one that poses various degrees of difficulty. This is particularly so when the area of research is one that is either highly sensitive, or that involves participants who are deemed to be particularly vulnerable. This article explores the inherent tensions in matters of participant recruitment among meeting the demands of institutional ethics committees, satisfying the concerns of clinicians in the field and the need to maintain methodological rigor. A postgraduate research student’s experience of these tensions underpins the discussion. The article concludes with an outline of the student’s strategies and resolution of these issues.postprin

The addition of galacto-oligosaccharides on the feed for the control of salmonellosis in fattening pigs

Prebiotics that block intestinal harmful bacteria and stimulate both the activity of beneficial bacteria and the animal immune system may help in controlling pig salmonellosis. We added a galacto-oligosaccharide (Salmosan®) on the diet of pigs during the whole period of fattening to assess its potential effect on the prevalence of Salmonella spp. In a first trial 56 pigs from a small fattening unit (fewer than 200 animals) were fed with a diet where Salmosan® (0.5 kg/Ton of feed) was added, while the rest of the animals were fed with the same feed without the galacto-oligosaccharide

Inner ear ossification and mineralization kinetics in human embryonic development - microtomographic and histomorphological study.

Little is known about middle and inner ear development during the second and third parts of human fetal life. Using ultra-high resolution Microcomputed Tomography coupled with bone histology, we performed the first quantitative middle and inner ear ossification/mineralization evaluation of fetuses between 17 and 39 weeks of gestational age. We show distinct ossification paces between ossicles, with a belated development of the stapes. A complete cochlear bony covering is observed within the time-frame of the onset of hearing, whereas distinct time courses of ossification for semicircular canal envelopes are observed in relation to the start of vestibular functions. The study evidences a spatio-temporal relationship between middle and inner ear structure development and the onset of hearing and balance, critical senses for the fetal adaptation to birth

3D micro-computed tomography of trabecular and cortical bone architecture with application to a rat model of immobilisation osteoporosis

Bone mass and microarchitecture are the main determinants of bone strength. Three-dimensional micro-computed tomogrpahy has the potential to examine complete bones of small laboratory animals with very high resolution in a non-invasive way. In the presented work, the proximal part of the tibiae of hindlimb unloaded and control rats were measured with 3D MicroCT, and the secondary spongiosa of the scanned region was evaluated using direct evaluation techniques that do not require model assumptions. For determination of the complete bone status, the cortex of the tibiae was evaluated and characterised by its thickness. It is shown that with the proposed anatomically conforming volume of interest (VOI), up to an eight-fold volume increase can be evaluated compared to cubic or spherical VOIs. A pronounced trabecular bone loss of −50% is seen after 23 days of tail suspension. With the new evaluation techniques, it is shown that most of this bone loss is caused by the thinning of trabeculae, and to a lesser extent by a decrease in their number. What changes most radically is the structure type: the remaining bone is more rod-like than the control group's bone. Cortical bone decreases less than trabecular bone, with only −18% after 23 day

Characterization of Salmonella enterica serovars Tyhimurium and 4,5,[12]:i:- isolated from pigs and pig environmental-related sources in the NE of Spain

A total of 117 Salmonella Typhimurium and 59 monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium (S. 4,[5],12:i:-) strains isolated from pig, wild bird, rodent, and farm environmental samples were characterized by phage typing, antibiotic susceptibility testing and Multiple-Locus Variable-Number Tandem Repeat Analysis (MLVA) in order to evaluate their phenotypic and genetic relatedness. In S. 4,[5],12:i:- the most prevalent phage types were U311 (40.7%) and DT195 (22%) which did not correspond with the so-called Spanish clone, and generally showed a different resistant pattern (ASSuT). Antibiotic resistance was found in 85.8% of the isolates, with 94.1% of them displaying multidrug resistance (MDR). MLVA identified 92 different profiles, six of them shared by both serovars. The Minimum Spanning Tree showed one major cluster that included 95% of the S. 4,[5],12:i:- isolates, which came from different animal sources, geographic locations and time periods, suggesting high clonality among those Salmonella strains and the ability to spread among pig farms. Phenotypically, isolates of S. 4,[5],12:i:- were closer to European strains than to the well-characterized Spanish clone. The spread of these new strains of S. 4,[5],12:i:- would have been likely favoured by the important pig trade between this Spanish region and other European countries

Dry Grasslands Database of Central Italy

We stored original and published phytosociological relevés of semi-natural dry grasslands sampled in different mountain ranges in central Italy (Apennines and anti-Apennines ranges). A total of 762 relevés were stored in a TURBOVEG database. The data spans from 1982 to present. The database has a geographical special focus on the Tyrrhenian district of central Italy and it has been designed to order improve the synecological and syntaxonomical knowledge of dry grasslands. The surveyed grasslands are pastures, characterized by different substrata (calcareous, marly-calcareous, arenaceous substrata) and macroclimatic types (Mediterranean, Submediterranean and Temperate). In physiognomic terms the majority of relevés are dominated by Bromus erectus, while a few are characterized by the dominance of Brachypodium rupestre. In syntaxonomical terms the relevés represent communities that belong to Festuco-Brometea syntaxa. A reference check-list of taxa was set up mostly following Conti et al. (2005), including several largely adopted synonymous to facilitate the correct input of relevé data. The ecological database is linked to the vascular species list, following Ellenberg indicator values modified for the Italian flora and including life forms or chorotypes. The database contains useful information to test several ecological hypotheses and to perform wide-scale vegetation classification. Furthermore it facilitates the use of vegetation-plot data for biodiversity and habitat monitoring and for land use/cover changes evaluation. This report describes the available content in the Dry Grasslands Database of Central Italy (GIVD ID EU-IT-004)

Kinetics of the chromosome 14 microRNA cluster ortholog and its potential role during placental development in the pregnant mare

Background: The human chromosome 14 microRNA cluster (C14MC) is a conserved microRNA (miRNA) cluster across eutherian mammals, reported to play an important role in placental development. However, the expression kinetics and function of this cluster in the mammalian placenta are poorly understood. Here, we evaluated the expression kinetics of the equine C24MC, ortholog to the human C14MC, in the chorioallantoic membrane during the course of gestation. Results: We demonstrated that C24MC-associated miRNAs presented a higher expression level during early stages of pregnancy, followed by a decline later in gestation. Evaluation of one member of C24MC (miR-409-3p) by in situ hybridization demonstrated that its cellular localization predominantly involved the chorion and allantoic epithelium and vascular endothelium. Additionally, expression of predicted target transcripts for C24MC-associated miRNAs was evaluated by RNA sequencing. Expression analysis of a subset of predicted mRNA targets showed a negative correlation with C24MC-associated miRNAs expression levels during gestation, suggesting the reciprocal control of these target transcripts by this miRNA cluster. Predicted functional analysis of these target mRNAs indicated enrichment of biological pathways related to embryonic development, endothelial cell migration and angiogenesis. Expression patterns of selected target mRNAs involved in angiogenesis were confirmed by RT-qPCR. Conclusion: This is the first report evaluating C24MC kinetics during pregnancy. The findings presented herein suggest that the C24MC may modulate angiogenic transcriptional profiles during placental development in the horse