Remediation of crude oil contaminated soils by means of bitumen emulsions

Effective remediation of contaminated sites with oils, heavy metals and other chemical agents is one of the most important environmental problems all over the world. Contaminated soils by petroleum from different sites and origins, might contaminate groundwater aquifers and then be spread by rain. Many years and the requirement of remedial techniques may be needed to remediate them. However, previous experiences show the uselessness of these methods for the solution of all problems. As any case of soil contamination is different, specific studies with relevant factors at financial aspects, legal limits and waste and soil characteristics are needed. In this work, a study of the use of bitumen asphalt emulsion to remediate contaminated soils by crude oils is exposed. By means of the soil stabilization technology, using the contaminated soils as aggregates and the tailor made emulsion as binder, the feasibility of the mix application to produce stable and resistant pavements is demonstrate

Improvement of compatibility and stability on polyethylene-modified bitumen by use of an aromatic extra as compatibilizer.

Bitumen modification by polyethylene addition usually improves the mechanical properties of the binder and, therefore, the behavior in service of the bituminous mix: thermal susceptibility and rutting can be diminished, whilst the resistance to low temperature cracking may increase. To achieve this improvement it is necessary a good compatibility between the base bitumen and the polyethylene. Low compatibility between bitumen and polyethylene can lead to phase separation: the polymer- asphalt incompatibility translates into a deterioration of ultimate properties. The object of this research project was to determine if these problems can be diminished by using certain compatibilizer agents, e.g. an aromatic extract from the oil refinery. Compatibility and stability of the polyethylene modified bitumen were studied using conventional test methods and dynamic shear reometer (DSR). Blends of bitumen and polyethylene were prepared with neat bitumen (PMB) or bitumen with compatibilizer as component of the binder (PMBC) and then compared. The experimental results show that “colloid instability index”(IC) is a parameter that can be used to control the compatibility between bitumen and polyethylene. From polyethylene point of view, one of the parameters that govern is the “melt flow index” (MFI). Experimental results show that PMBC formulated with low IC bitumen and hi gh MFI lineal polyethylene can be considered as stable binder

Is the re-use of sterilized implant abutments safe enough? (Implant abutment safety)

Background: The reuse of implant healing abutments is common in dental practice. Effective elimination of bacteria and viruses is accomplished by conventional sterilization. The aim of this work was to explore the eventual survival of microorganisms on sterilized healing abutments and to rule out the presence of transmissible organic material after standard procedures. Material and Methods: A total of 55 healing abutments previously used in patients will be washed and sterilized in a steam autoclave at 121ºC for 15 min. Each healing abutment will be cultured in Brain Heart Infusion broth (BHI) under strict aseptic conditions. Besides, two control groups will be included: one of 3 unused healing abutments, and the other of just medium. After 10 days at 37°C under a 5% CO2 100 µl of the broth will be plated on solid media (Brain Infusion Agar, BHIA) and Columbia Blood agar to test for sterility. The remaining volume will be centrifuged, the sediment fixed, and a Gram stain performed to discard the presence of non-cultivable microorganisms. Moreover, to determine the presence of remaining organic material after the cleaning and sterilizing treatments, the bioburden will be determined by measuring total organic carbon (TOC) in another 10 previously used healing abutments, cleaned and sterilized, that will be submerged in Milli-Q water and sonicated. Results: No bacterial growth was detected on any of the 58 cultured abutments, indicating that the sterilization was completely satisfactory in terms of removal of live bacteria or spores. Nevertheless, significant amounts of organic carbon may still be recovered (up to 125,31 µg/abutment) after they have been sterilized. Conclusions: Significant amounts of the bioburden remained adhered to the surfaces in spite of the cleaning and sterilization procedures. Taking into account our results and data from other authors, the presence of infectious particles on the reused healing abutments such as prions cannot be ruled out

Thermal behaviour of bitumen modified by sulphur addition

The most frequent use of bitumen is as binder for pavement applications. The effect of sulphur addition on the properties of the bitumen has been extensively studied several decades ago. Recently, there is a renewed interest in researching the behaviour of sulphur-bitumen combination, because off 1.The future availability of bitumen may be limited and 2. The beneficial consumption of great amounts of sulphur compounds from petroleum refining is advisable. The addition of sulphur to bitumen provokes the beginning of chemical reactions depending on the sulphur content and heating temperature. At heating temperatures T< 140 ºC liquid sulphur reacts with naphthenic-aromatic fraction forming polysulphides. At temperatures above 150 ºC dehydrogenization reactions with emission of hydrogen sulfide take place and naphthenic-aromatic molecules are transformed into asphaltenes. Therefore, the addition of sulphur to bitumen provokes changes in the chemical structure of the bitumen. The objective of this work is to analyze, the thermal behaviour of sulphur-bitumen mixtures of different composition (0-35 %wt sulphur content) prepared at 130 and 140 ºC, by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Besides, the volatile emissions of the mixtures at high temperature have been estimated from loss weight measurements as a function of stored tim

Compatibilidad de Betunes Modificados con SBS: Influencia de la Estructura del Betún

El presente trabajo se centra en el estudio de la influencia de la estructura/composición del betún sobre la compatibilidad del sistema betún/SBS. Cuatro betunes denominados A17, A570, M18 y M172, provenientes de dos crudos distintos han sido seleccionados, y sus mezclas han sido utilizadas para preparar betunes modificados con contenidos de SBS respecto al betún del 3% en peso. Con objeto de establecer las prestaciones de los betunes modificados se han realizado medidas de viscosidad, penetración y temperatura de reblandecimiento en función del tiempo de almacenamiento a temperaturas elevadas. Finalmente la estabilidad de los sistemas modificados se discute en términos de la estructura y composición de los betunes utilizados en su preparación

Compatibilidad de Betunes Modificados con SBS: Influencia de la Estructura del Betún

El presente trabajo se centra en el estudio de la influencia de la estructura/composición del betún sobre la compatibilidad del sistema betún/SBS. Cuatro betunes denominados A17, A570, M18 y M172, provenientes de dos crudos distintos han sido seleccionados, y sus mezclas han sido utilizadas para preparar betunes modificados con contenidos de SBS respecto al betún del 3% en peso. Con objeto de establecer las prestaciones de los betunes modificados se han realizado medidas de viscosidad, penetración y temperatura de reblandecimiento en función del tiempo de almacenamiento a temperaturas elevadas. Finalmente la estabilidad de los sistemas modificados se discute en términos de la estructura y composición de los betunes utilizados en su preparación

Compatibilidad de Betunes Modificados con SBS en Función de la Estructura del Betún

Los betunes modificados con polímeros (BMP) son ampliamente utilizados en la pavimentación de carreteras sometidas a gran afluencia de vehículos y a condiciones extremas de temperatura. La presencia de polímero en contacto con el betún amplía notablemente el intervalo de temperaturas en las que el betún mantiene sus prestaciones. En general los betunes modificados con polímero presentan un aumento significativo de la resistencia a la deformación permanente en el intervalo de elevadas temperaturas, sin que su compo rtamiento sufra deterioro a bajas temperaturas. Cuando un polímero se añade al betún tiene lugar su hinchamiento a partir de las moléculas de aromáticos ligeros presentes en el betún. A bajas concentraciones de polímero, aparece una morfología bifásica en la que una fase rica en polímero se dispersa en una matriz malténica enriquecida en asfaltenos. La existencia de esta estructura bifásica es la llave que controla la mejora en las propiedades de los BMP en relación al betún puro. En la literatura existen muchos trabajos dedicados a investigar las propiedades y morfología de los BMP, sin embargo en pocos se hace referencia a la influencia de la estructura del betún. Este trabajo está enfocado a relacionar la estructura/composición del betún con la compatibilidad del sistema SBS/betún/azufre. Para ello se han elegido cuatro betunes de distinta procedencia denominados, A17, A500, M18, M170, que mezclados convenientemente han sido utilizados en la preparación de betún modificado con SBS y vulcanizado con azufre. La fracción en peso de SBS, en relación al contenido de betún, ha sido del 3%. Se han determinado propiedades tales como viscosidad, penetración y temperatura anillo-bola, así como la estabilidad en almacenamiento a elevada temperatura. Finalmente la estabilidad de estos sistemas se ha analizado en función de la estructura y la composición de los betunes utilizados en su preparació

Considering plant functional connectivity in landscape conservation and restoration management

Landscape connectivity has traditionally been studied for animal species rather than for plants, especially under a multispecies approach. However, connectivity can be equally critical for both fauna and flora and, thus, an essential point in the selection of key management areas and measures. This paper explores a spatially explicit framework to assess the contribution of habitat patches in the conservation and enhancement of plant functional connectivity and habitat availability in a multispecies context. It relies on graph theory and a habitat availability index and differentiates between two management scenarios: (i) conservation; and (ii) restoration, by considering current and potential species distribution based on species distribution models together with a vegetation survey. The results mapped at high spatial resolution priority target areas to apply management measures. We found that intervening in a small proportion of the study area may lead to double the average overall landscape connectivity of the studied species. This study aimed at proposing an innovative methodology that allows studying connectivity for multiple plant species at landscape scale while integrating their individual characteristics. The proposed framework is a step toward incorporating connectivity concerns into plant biodiversity management, based on a better understanding of landscape structure and functionality. Here, we illustrated its significant potential for local conservation and restoration planning and resource optimizatio

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Máster en Dirección de la Empresa Audiovisual. Curso 2009/201

Storage stability of SBS/sulfur modified bitumens at high temperature: influence of bitumen composition and structure

Polymer modified bitumens, PMBs, are usually prepared at high temperature and subsequently stored for a period of time, also at high temperature. The stability of PMBs, in these conditions, has a decisive influence in order to obtain the adequate performances for practical applications. In this article the attention is focused in the analysis of the factors that determine the stability of styrene–butadiene–styrene copolymer (SBS)/sulfur modified bitumens when the mixtures are maintained at high temperature. Bitumens from different crude oil sources were used to prepare SBS/sulfur modified bitumens. Changes in the values of viscosity, softening point, as well as in the morphology of PMB samples, stored at 160 °C, were related to the bitumen chemical composition and to the amount of asphaltene micelles present in the neat bitumen used in their preparation El trabajo se centra en el estudio de la influencia de la estructura /composición del betún sobre la compatibilidad del sistema betún/SBS. Cuatro betunes provenientes de dos crudos distintos se seleccionaron y sus mezclas se utilizaron para preparar betunes modificados con contenidos de SBS del 3% en pes