193 research outputs found

    La Unión Europea y los Balcanes: problemas y perspectivas

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    El retraso en la aprobación parlamentaria del equipo Durão Barroso: ¿derrota de la Comisión o progreso de la Unión Europea?

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    Durante los meses de octubre y noviembre de 2004 la Unión Europea, y en particular ese motor de la misma que es la Comisión, vivieron un período turbulento cuyas consecuencias son difíciles de estimar. El colegio encabezado por el presidente José Manuel Durão Barroso hubiera debido entrar en funciones el 1 de noviembre. Una confrontación inesperada con el Parlamento Europeo obligó a diferir el voto de su investidura hasta el 18 del mismo mes y a que el equipo saliente, liderado por Romano Prodi, continuara en funciones durante tres semanas más para evitar que se produjera un vacío de gestión. Durante casi dos meses los rotativos más importantes de todo el mundo declinaron el vocablo “crisis” en tonos no exentos de color. La caracterización como tal quedó implantada en ciertos sectores de la opinión pública. Los analistas se dividieron en cuanto a la significación del episodio. Se evocaron otros anteriores, en particular el desgaste que sufrió, a manos también del Parlamento Europeo, la Comisión Santer en 1999 y que llevó a su dimisión anticipada. Pero, en este otoño de 2004, ¿se ha tratado en realidad de una crisis de la Comisión?, ¿de la Unión Europea?, ¿de una derrota de la institución que ha sido tradicionalmente la más innovadora en el largo camino de la integración europea? O, por el contrario, ¿un accident de parcours que posiblemente pueda fortalecer la Unión?, ¿un acontecimiento del que cabe extraer lecciones positivas? El presente artículo trata de situar, en la perspectiva histórica, la reciente confrontación entre la Comisión y el Parlamento y de identificar su posible función en el futuro desarrollo de la Unión Europea

    La Unión Europea en la encrucijada

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    No reina disensión sobre las continuadas crisis de la Unión, que han sido un rasgo permanente de los medios de comunicación. Curiosamente, el acto de mayor trascendencia en la historia de la Unión (la ampliación de golpe a diez nuevos Estados miembros, casi todos de la Europa Central y Oriental) que tuvo lugar el 1 de mayo de 2004 ya está, por el contrario, olvidado. Sobre las razonesexplicativas de la situación en que se encuentra el proyecto europeo, la disensión es la norma. Los políticos, los analistas, los autores y, por supuesto, los Gobiernos no se ponen de acuerdo sobre lo que ha llevado la Unión a su actual encrucijada. Para unos, va por muy delante de los ciudadanos a los que trata poco menos que como el despotismo ilustrado trataba a sus súbditos. Para otros, no sabe ya qué hacer y es víctima de sus propios éxitos. ____________________________________________There is no disagreement that the European Union suffers from countinuous crises, which are systematically portrayed in the media. Curiously, however, the most relevant success in the Union’s recent history – its expansion to ten new members, almost all of them in Central and Eastern Europe, finalized on May 1st, 2004 – is often overlooked. The reasons behind the crisis of the European project’s are widely contested. Politicians, analysts, academics, and of course governments disagree over what has brought the European Union to its current situation. According to some, the project has advanced ahead of the will of its citizens, who are held to be treated almost as subordinates subjects of an “Enlightened Despotism”. Others consider that the project is no longer clear and has become a victim of its own achievements

    La política de desarrollo comunitaria en el umbral del siglo XXI

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    La Unión Europea, a través de su primer pilar, el comunitario, se ha convertido en un actor sumamente importante en la moderna política de cooperación al desarrollo. La lucha contra la pobreza y las desigualdades internacionales se ha convertido en un tema esencial de la agenda internacional de nuestros días. La Unión está en buenas condiciones para experimentar con nuevos enfoques y para responder con rapidez ante los cambios de prioridades que imponen tanto la evolución de sus intereses como la de la escena internacional. La Comisión Europea ha lanzado recientemente nuevas propuestas renovadoras de la política de cooperación y ha reformado profundamente sus instrumentos de gestión. El Consejo de Ministros, por su parte, ha tomado decisiones que afectarán a la política de desarrollo en los próximos años. Uno de los aspectos más destacados de la acción comunitaria estriba en el decidido apoyo prestado a las vínculos entre desarrollo y democracia. La ayuda a esta última se configura hoy como una de las palancas para promover el primero. La Unión ha ganado ya experiencia en este campo difícil que aparece en la actualidad como uno de los más importantes retos para la política comunitaria del futuro. El artículo, basado en documentación oficial comunitaria, está impregnado por las experiencias de su autor, funcionario en la Comisión Europea durante casi quince años. _________________________________________The European Union has become, via its first pillar (the Community framework), one of the most important actors in development cooperation policy. Fighting poverty and international inequality are essential items on todays´s international agenda. The European Union is in an excellent position to work out new approaches to development cooperation and to respond quickly to changes in its own priorities. This is a consequence of the Union´s envolving interests and of its reactions to the rapidly chancing international environment. The European Commission has recently submitted a number of new proposals with the intention of updating and renewing the Union´s development policies. The Commission has also extensively amended its management structure and tools for dealing with the challenges of development. The Council of Ministers has taken several decisions which will shape the Union´s development cooperation policy for years to come. One of the most outstanding aspects of Community action in this area is the emphasis which has been put on the linkages between support for democracy and development assistance. The former has become an essential tool for gaining leverage to promote development. This article, based on Community documents, reflects the author´s experience as a senior Commission official for almost fifteen years

    La negociación y renegociación de los acuerdo hispano-norteamericanos, 1953-1988: Una visión estructural

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    This essay wants to identify the structural characters in the successive rounds of negotiation between Spain and the United States, intended to concluye the bilateral agreements signed between 1953 and 1988. First, we pay attention to the round of 1952-1953; then, we try to clarify the Spanish and North American negotiator’s positions present in all those rounds. Finaly, we analyze more precisely the negotiatons celebrated since 1975.El presente ensayo trata de identificar los caracteres estructurales de las sucesivas rondas negociadoras entre España y los Estados Unidos, tendentes a la confección de los diversos acuerdos bilaterales firmados entre 1953 y 1988. En primer lugar, se presta atención a la ronda de 1952-1953, para luego tratar de clarificar las posiciones de los negociadores españoles y norteamericanos a lo largo de todos esos encuentros. Finalmente, se analizan, de forma más precisa, las negociaciones celebradas desde 1975

    Computational modeling of hypertensive growth in the human carotid artery

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    The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00466-013-0959-zArterial hypertension is a chronic medical condition associated with an elevated blood pressure. Chronic arterial hypertension initiates a series of events, which are known to collectively initiate arterial wall thickening. However, the correlation between macrostructural mechanical loading, microstructural cellular changes, and macrostructural adaptation remains unclear. Here, we present a microstructurally motivated computational model for chronic arterial hypertension through smooth muscle cell growth. To model growth, we adopt a classical concept based on the multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient into an elastic part and a growth part. Motivated by clinical observations, we assume that the driving force for growth is the stretch sensed by the smooth muscle cells. We embed our model into a finite element framework, where growth is stored locally as an internal variable. First, to demonstrate the features of our model, we investigate the effects of hypertensive growth in a real human carotid artery. Our results agree nicely with experimental data reported in the literature both qualitatively and quantitatively.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

    Hierarchical micro-adaptation of biological structures by mechanical stimuli

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    Remodeling and other evolving processes such as growth or morphogenesis are key factors in the evolution of biological tissue in response to both external and internal epigenetic stimuli. Based on the description of these processes provided by Taber, 1995 and Humphrey et al., 2002 for three important adaptation processes, remodeling, morphogenesis and growth (positive and negative), we shall consider the latter as the increase/decrease of mass via the increase/decrease of the number or size of cells, leading to a change in the volume of the organ. The work of Rodriguez et al. (1994) used the concept of natural configuration previously introduced by Skalak et al. (1982) to formulate volumetric growth. Later, Humphrey et al. (2002) proposed a constrained-mixture theory where changes in the density and mass of different constituents were taken into account. Many other works about biological growth have been presented in recent years, see e.g. Imatani and Maugin, 2002, Garikipati et al., 2004, Gleason and Humphrey, 2004, Menzel, 2004, Amar et al., 2005, Ganghoffer et al., 2005, Ateshian, 2007, Goriely et al., 2007, Kuhl et al., 2007, Ganghoffer, 2010a, Ganghoffer, 2010b and Goktepe et al., 2010. Morphogenesis is associated to changes in the structure shape (Taber, 1995 and Taber, 2009) while remodeling denotes changes in the tissue microstructure via the reorganization of the existing constituents or the synthesis of new ones with negligible volume change. All these processes involve changes in material properties. Although remodeling and growth can, and usually do, occur simultaneously, there are some cases where these processes develop in a decoupled way. For example, Stopak and Harris (1982) reported some experimental results showing remodeling driven by fibroblasts, with no volume growth. We will assume this scenario in this contribution, focusing exclusively on remodeling processes and on the reorientation of fibered biological structures. It is well known that biological tissue remodels itself when driven by a given stimulus, e.g. mechanical loads such as an increase in blood pressure, or changes in the chemical environment that control the signaling processes and the overall evolution of the tissue. Biological remodeling can occur in any kind of biological tissue. In particular, the study of collagen as the most important substance to be remodeled, in all its types (preferentiallyPeer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

    An anisotropic microsphere-based approach for fiber orientation adaptation in soft tissue

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    Evolutionary processes in biological tissue, such as adaptation or remodeling, represent an enterprising area of research. In this paper, we present a multiscale model for the remodeling of fibered structures, such as bundles of collagen fibrils. With this aim, we introduce a von Mises statistical distribution function to account for the directional dispersion of the fibrils, and we remodel the underlying fibrils by changing their orientation. To numerically compute this process, we make use of the microsphere approach, which provides a useful multiscale tool for homogenizing the microstructure behavior, related to the fibrils of the bundle, in the macroscale of the problem. The results show how the fibrils respond to the stimulus by reorientation of their structure. This process leads to a stiffer material eventually reaching a stationary state. These results are in agreement with those reported in the literature, and they characterize the adaptation of biological tissue to external stimuli.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft
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