Monopoly power of the medical school market and high incomes of U.S. physicians

We expect the incomes of physicians to remain high in the next decades. Using the latest published physician income data (2015) we calculated the weighted median income of U.S. physicians and the net present value (NPV) of an investment in physician education. We estimated the NPV assuming that the physicians training began in 2007 and their practice would commence in 2015. We estimated the NPV of the lifetime earnings of a physician based on the median income of all physicians in the sample to be between $7.1 and$7.3 million. This finding of high NPV’s is consistent with almost all earlier studies of this kind. Physicians continue to experience relatively high incomes and very slow increases in the number of new graduates. We expect an excess demand for positions in medical colleges to continue. Our findings with respect to the incomes of non-primary physicians (surgeons, radiologist and cardiologists), indicate will continue to be much higher than those of primary physicians. There are strong evidence suggesting this is because of blockages in physician residency openings in these non-primary fields of medicine.peer-reviewe

Electron capture by Ne3+ ions from atomic hydrogen

Using the Oak Ridge National Laboratory ion-atom merged-beam apparatus, absolute total electron-capture cross sections have been measured for collisions of Ne3+ ions with hydrogen (deuterium) atoms at energies between 0.07 and 826 eV∕u. Comparison to previous measurements shows large discrepancies between 50 and 400 eV∕u. Previously published molecular-orbital close-coupling (MOCC) calculations were performed over limited energy ranges, but show good agreement with the present measurements. Here MOCC calculations are presented for energies between 0.01 and 1000 eV∕u for collisions with both H and D. For energies below ∼1 eV∕u, an enhancement in the magnitude of both the experimental and theoretical cross sections is observed which is attributed to the ion-induced dipole attraction between the reactants. Below ∼4 eV∕u, the present calculations show a significant target isotope effect

FRACTURES OF THE NECK OF THE TALUS: EVALUATION OF REPRODUCIBILITY OF HAWKINS' CLASSIFICATION

Objective: To evaluate the intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility of Hawkins' classification for fractures of the neck of the talus. Methods: 20 random cases of fracture of the talus were selected, to be defined according to the classification of types by eight orthopedic surgeons, 13 orthopedic residents and 15 radiology residents. Results: Using the statistical test of Landis and Koch, measurements of 0.627 and 0.668 were obtained in the first and second evaluations, respectively. These values define a satisfactory agreement for Hawkins' classification. Conclusion: We conclude that this classification is reproducible between observers, with better values for the more experienced observers. Level of Evidence I, Study Diagnostic - Investigating a diagnostic test.20317017

Fractures Of The Neck Of The Talus: Evaluation Of Reproducibility Of Hawkins' Classification

Objective: To evaluate the intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility of Hawkins' classification for fractures of the neck of the talus. Methods: 20 random cases of fracture of the talus were selected, to be defined according to the classification of types by eight orthopedic surgeons, 13 orthopedic residents and 15 radiology residents. Results: Using the statistical test of Landis and Koch, measurements of 0.627 and 0.668 were obtained in the first and second evaluations, respectively. These values define a satisfactory agreement for Hawkins' classification. Conclusion: We conclude that this classification is reproducible between observers, with better values for the more experienced observers. Level of Evidence I, Study Diagnostic - Investigating a diagnostic test.203170173Sanders, D.W., Fractures of the talus (2006) Rockwood & Green's fractures in adults, pp. 2249-2293. , Bucholz RW, Heckman JD, editors, 6th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & WilkinsHeckman, J.D., Fraturas do talus (2006) Rockwood & Green's fraturas em adultos, pp. 2091-2132. , Bucholz RW, Heckman JD, editors, Tradução de Dr. Maurício Barreto de Castro 5a.ed. Barueri, SP: ManoleHawkins, L.G., Fractures of the neck of the talus (1970) J Bone Joint Surg Am, 52 (5), pp. 991-1002Everitt, B.S., (1992) The analysis of contingency tables, pp. 146-150. , 2nd ed. London: Chapman e HallFleiss, J.L., (1981) Statistical methods for rates and proportions, , 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley & SonsCohen, J., A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales (1960) Educ Psychol Meas, 20 (1), pp. 37-46Svanholm, H., Starklint, H., Gundersen, H.J., Fabricius, J., Barlebo, H., Olsen, S., Reproducibility of histomorphologic diagnoses with special reference to the kappa statistic (1989) APMIS, 97 (8), pp. 689-698Landis, J.R., Koch, G.G., The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data (1977) Biometrics, 33 (1), pp. 159-17