The Performance of Secretariat DPRD to Appreciation the Implementation of Function DPRD North Sulawesi Provincie.

Parliament Secretariat is device area that has the task of providing administrative serv ices to the Parliament, so that the performance of the secretariat of the council will also determine the success of the implementation of Council functions. This research is to answer the question " how the performance of the North Sulawesi Provincial Parliament Secretariat in supporting the implementation of the functions of Parliament. Research using qualitative methods. In this case the performance indicators used are effectiveness , efficiency , responsiveness , and accountability . Informants in this study were drawn from officials and employees of the secretariat of Parliament and the leadership of Parliament and North Sulawesi. Collecting data with interview techniques ; while the analysis of data using interactive model analysis techniques of Miles and Hubernann . The results showed : (1) the level of effectiveness is quite nice views of the successful implementation of programs and activities that have been set, and the level of achievement of the target outcomes; (2) the level of efficiency is quite good views of the use of the budget and the utilization of human potential employees. (3) the level of responsiveness pretty good views of the adjustability of programs and activities adopted by the council needs, the level of capacity to deal with the increased volume of work, and the level of ability to cope with problems or obstacles that arise in the implementation of tasks. (4) the level of accountability pretty good views of a system of accountability that do good to the chairman of the board, to the leadership of the provincial government, and public. Based on the conclusions of the research results it is suggested to improve the performance of the Provincial Parliament Secretariat North Sulawei by doing things: (1) increase the competence of human resources through education and training of employees technically functional; (2) Improve the work motivation of employees by provid ing adequate incentives ; and (3) improving coordination among organizational units and coordination with Parliament

IDENTIFIKASI TINGKAT KEKUMUHAN KAWASAN BANTARAN SUNGAI AMPERA KELURAHAN KAIBUS KABUPATEN SORONG SELATAN

Permasalahan permukiman kumuh menjadi salah satu isu utama pembangunan perkotaan yang cukup menjadi polemik, karena upaya penanganan yang sebenarnya dari waktu kewaktu sudah dilakukan berbanding lurus dengan terus berkembangnya kawasan kumuhdan munculnya kawasan-kawasan kumuh baru.Kondisi seperti ini juga terjadi di Kabupaten Sorong Selatan, terutama permukiman di sekitar kawasan bantaran Sungai Ampera tepatnya sekitar Jl.Brawijaya Kelurahan Kaibus.Secara fisik permasalahan yang muncul di Permukiman Sekitar bantaran sungai Ampera Kelurahan Kaibus Kabupaten Sorong Selatan adalah merebaknya hunian dengan kondisi semi permanen yang terletak pada area bantaranSungai Ampera.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengidentifikasi kondisi kawasan permukiman kumuh serta mengukur  tingkat kekumuhan di kawasan permukiman bantaran sungai Ampera.Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dan kuantitatif menelah pembobotan skoring nilai. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa tingkat kekumuhan di kawasan bantaran sungai Ampera adalah kumuh ringan. Hal ini terlihat dari kondisi fisik permukiman dimana terdapat bangunan yang tidak permanen atau tidak layak huni di beberapa titik pada II lingkungan, ketersedian MCK umum dengan kondisi yang kurang baik, kondisi jalan di beberapa titik pada II lingkungan yang kurang baik dan tidak memenuhi syarat, serta jaringan  drainase yang buruk tidak terlayani sarana dan prasaran drainase dan juga sarana dan prasaran proteksi kebakaran  tidak ada, serta tidak terlayani Ruang Terbuka Hijau di Kelurahan tersebut.Kata Kunci : Bantaran Sungai, Kelurahan Kaibus, Permukiman Kumu

Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of sentinel lymph node biopsy compared with axillary node dissection in patients with early-stage breast cancer: a decision model analysis

BACKGROUND: Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is less invasive than axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) for staging early breast cancer, and has a lower risk of arm lymphoedema and similar rates of locoregional recurrence up to 8 years. This study estimates the longer-term effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of SLNB. METHODS: A Markov decision model was developed to estimate the incremental quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and costs of an SLNB-based staging and management strategy compared with ALND over 20 years’ follow-up. The probability and quality-of-life weighting (utility) of outcomes were estimated from published data and population statistics. Costs were estimated from the perspective of the Australian health care system. The model was used to identify key factors affecting treatment decisions. RESULTS: The SLNB was more effective and less costly than the ALND over 20 years, with 8 QALYs gained and $883 000 saved per 1000 patients. The SLNB was less effective when: SLNB false negative (FN) rate >13%; 5-year incidence of axillary recurrence after an SLNB FN>19%; risk of an SLNB-positive result >48%; lymphoedema prevalence after ALND <14%; or lymphoedema utility decrement <0.012. CONCLUSION: The long-term advantage of SLNB over ALND was modest and sensitive to variations in key assumptions, indicating a need for reliable information on lymphoedema incidence and disutility following SLNB. In addition to awaiting longer-term trial data, risk models to better identify patients at high risk of axillary metastasis will be valuable to inform decision-making.H. Verry, S.J. Lord, A. Martin, G. Gill, C.K. Lee, K. Howard, N. Wetzig and J. Sime

Nitrogen mineralization, nitrification and denitrification in upland and wetland ecosystems

Nitrogen mineralization, nitrification, denitrification, and microbial biomass were evaluated in four representative ecosystems in east-central Minnesota. The study ecosystems included: old field, swamp forest, savanna, and upland pin oak forest. Due to a high regional water table and permeable soils, the upland and wetland ecosystems were separated by relatively short distances (2 to 5 m). Two randomly selected sites within each ecosystem were sampled for an entire growing season. Soil samples were collected at 5-week intervals to determine rates of N cycling processes and changes in microbial biomass. Mean daily N mineralization rates during five-week in situ soil incubations were significantly different among sampling dates and ecosystems. The highest annual rates were measured in the upland pin oak ecosystem (8.6 g N m −2 yr −1 ), and the lowest rates in the swamp forest (1.5 g N m −2 yr −1 ); nitrification followed an identical pattern. Denitrification was relatively high in the swamp forest during early spring (8040 μg N 2 O−N m −2 d −1 ) and late autumn (2525 μg N 2 O−N m −2 d −1 ); nitrification occurred at rates sufficient to sustain these losses. In the well-drained uplands, rates of denitrification were generally lower and equivalent to rates of atmospheric N inputs. Microbial C and N were consistently higher in the swamp forest than in the other ecosystems; both were positively correlated with average daily rates of N mineralization. In the subtle landscape of east-central Minnesota, rates of N cycling can differ by an order of magnitude across relatively short distances.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/47791/1/442_2004_Article_BF00320810.pd

Effects of riparian zone buffer widths on vegetation diversity in southern Appalachian headwater catchments

In mountainous areas such as the southern Appalachians USA, riparian zones are difficult to define. Vegetation is a commonly used riparian indicator and plays a key role in protecting water resources, but adequate knowledge of floristic responses to riparian disturbances is lacking. Our objective was to quantify changes in stand-level floristic diversity of riparian plant communities before (2004) and two, three, and seven years after shelterwood harvest using highlead cable-yarding and with differing no cut buffer widths of 0 m, 10 m, and 30 m distance from the stream edge. An unharvested reference stand was also studied for comparison. We examined: (1) differences among treatment sites using a mixed linear model with repeated measures; (2) multivariate relationships between ground-layer species composition and environmental variables (soil water content, light transmittance, tree basal area, shrub density, and distance from stream) using nonmetric multidimensional scaling; and (3) changes in species composition over time using a multi-response permutation procedure. We hypothesized that vegetation responses (i.e., changes in density, species composition, and diversity across the hillslope) will be greatest on harvest sites with an intermediate buffer width (10-m buffer) compared to more extreme (0-m buffer) and less extreme (30-m buffer and no-harvest reference) disturbance intensities. Harvesting initially reduced overstory density and basal area by 83% and 65%, respectively, in the 0-m buffer site; reduced by 50% and 74% in the 10-m buffer site; and reduced by 45% and 29% in the 30-m buffer site. Both the 0-m and 10-m buffer sites showed increased incident light variability across the hillslope after harvesting; whereas, there was no change in the 30-m and reference sites over time. We found significant changes in midstory and ground-layer vegetation in response to harvesting with the greatest responses on the 10-m buffer site, supporting our hypotheses that responses will be greatest on sites with intermediate disturbance. Ground-layer species composition differed significantly over time in the 0-m buffer and 10-m buffer sites (both P \u3c 0.0001), but did not change in the 30-m buffer and reference sites (both P \u3e 0.100). Average compositional dissimilarity increased after seven years, indicating greater within stand heterogeneity (species diversity) after harvesting. These vegetation recovery patterns provide useful information for evaluating management options in riparian zones in the southern Appalachians