Laser monitoring system for the CMS lead tungstate crystal calorimeter

We report on the multiple wavelength laser monitoring system designed for the CMS lead tungstate crystal calorimeter read-out with avalanche photodiodes (Barrel calorimeters) and vacuum phototriodes (End Cap calorimeters). Results are presented for the test beam performance of the system designed to achieve 0.5% relative inter-calibration of the optical transmittance for lead tungstate scintillation emission over nearly 80 000 channels. The system operates in continuous measurement cycles to follow each crystal?s evolution under irradiation and recovery periods foreseen during operation at the LHC

Energy Resolution Performance of the CMS Electromagnetic Calorimeter

The energy resolution performance of the CMS lead tungstate crystal electromagnetic calorimeter is presented. Measurements were made with an electron beam using a fully equipped supermodule of the calorimeter barrel. Results are given both for electrons incident on the centre of crystals and for electrons distributed uniformly over the calorimeter surface. The electron energy is reconstructed in matrices of 3 times 3 or 5 times 5 crystals centred on the crystal containing the maximum energy. Corrections for variations in the shower containment are applied in the case of uniform incidence. The resolution measured is consistent with the design goals

Discutindo a educação ambiental no cotidiano escolar: desenvolvimento de projetos na escola formação inicial e continuada de professores

A presente pesquisa buscou discutir como a Educação Ambiental (EA) vem sendo trabalhada, no Ensino Fundamental e como os docentes desta escola compreendem e vem inserindo a EA no cotidiano escolar., em uma escola estadual do município de Tangará da Serra/MT, Brasil. Para tanto, realizou-se entrevistas com os professores que fazem parte de um projeto interdisciplinar de EA na escola pesquisada. Verificou-se que o projeto da escola não vem conseguindo alcançar os objetivos propostos por: desconhecimento do mesmo, pelos professores; formação deficiente dos professores, não entendimento da EA como processo de ensino-aprendizagem, falta de recursos didáticos, planejamento inadequado das atividades. A partir dessa constatação, procurou-se debater a impossibilidade de tratar do tema fora do trabalho interdisciplinar, bem como, e principalmente, a importância de um estudo mais aprofundado de EA, vinculando teoria e prática, tanto na formação docente, como em projetos escolares, a fim de fugir do tradicional vínculo “EA e ecologia, lixo e horta”.Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educació

The ECAL Calibration: Use of the Light Monitoring System. Version 2.0

This note explains how we plan to calibrate the Electromagnetic Calorimeter and how the light monitoring system can be used in this process. This second version provides a more detailed calibration procedure and includes some experimental results. It remplaces the previous version 1.0 ( TN 96-036)

The ECAL precalibration in H4: User requirements document Version 1.0

This document provides elements to perform the precalibration of the Electromagnetic Calorimeter SuperModules in H4 beam line, and analyses the work to be done to build all the necessary tools to achieve this precalibration

Le sens des mots en droit des personnes et droit de la santé

Les évolutions constantes du droit des personnes et de la santé révèlent l'importance que les juristes doivent accorder au sens des mots. Choisir le juste mot, à partir de la qualification des faits est en effet une opération essentielle. La qualification juridique permet ensuite l'interprétation et l'application de la règle du droit. Mais dans ce domaine en pleine mutation, de nombreux termes apparaissent, venant d'autres sphères telles la sphère économique, médicale, technique ou éthique. Or il importe de garder une distance irrécusable entre la sphère juridique et les faits sociaux. Le titre même du colloque rend compte de la double nécessité d'une ouverture sur les champs disciplinaires différents et de la confrontation des interprétations de chacun. Telle est l'ambition poursuivie par les deux structures organisatrices de ce colloque, le Centre de Recherche en Droit Privé (EA 3881) d'une part et l'Espace Ethique de Bretagne Occidentale, créé en octobre 2004 dans le cadre de la convention hospitalo-universitaire liant le CHU de Brest et et la faculté de médecine et des sciences de santé de l'université de Bretagne Occidentale d'atutre part. De même que dans la pratique médicale, le sens des mots a une importance essentielle pour annoncer un diagnostic, entrer en relation avec un malade ou prescrire un traitement, à l'instar de la célèbre maxime de Spinoza "ne pas railler, ne pas déplorer, ne pas maudire, mais comprendre ", la texture du droit, parce qu'elle est écriture, parole, pensée, argumentation, discours, explication donne lieu à interprétation. Parce qu'elle est construite par des mots, la règle juridique est, on le sait, un acte de langage qui supporte tous les défauts de ceux-ci : imprécision, double sens, altération, instrumentalisation... Les objets du droit ne sont pas des réalités naturelles car le droit invente et institue ses propres objets

Energy Resolution of the Barrel of the CMS Electromagnetic Calorimeter

The energy resolution of the barrel part of the CMS Electromagnetic Calorimeter has been studied using electrons of 20 to 250 GeV in a test beam. The incident electron's energy was reconstructed by summing the energy measured in arrays of 3x3 or 5x5 channels. There was no significant amount of correlated noise observed within these arrays. For electrons incident at the centre of the studied 3x3 arrays of crystals, the mean stochastic term was measured to be 2.8% and the mean constant term to be 0.3%. The amount of the incident electron's energy which is contained within the array depends on its position of incidence. The variation of the containment with position is corrected for using the distribution of the measured energy within the array. For uniform illumination of a crystal with 120 GeV electrons a resolution of 0.5% was achieved. The energy resolution meets the design goal for the detector

Results of the first performance tests of the CMS electromagnetic calorimeter

CMS ECALPerformance tests of some aspects of the CMS ECAL were carried out on modules of the "barrel" sub-system in 2002 and 2003. A brief test with high energy electron beams was made in late 2003 to validate prototypes of the new Very Front End electronics. The final versions of the monitoring and cooling systems, and of the high and low voltage regulation were used in these tests. The results are consistent with the performance targets including those for noise and overall energy resolution, required to fulfil the physics programme of CMS at the LHC

The CMS Barrel Calorimeter Response to Particle Beams from 2 to 350 GeV/c

The response of the CMS barrel calorimeter (electromagnetic plus hadronic) to hadrons, electrons and muons over a wide momentum range from 2 to 350 GeV/c has been measured. To our knowledge, this is the widest range of momenta in which any calorimeter system has been studied. These tests, carried out at the H2 beam-line at CERN, provide a wealth of information, especially at low energies. The analysis of the differences in calorimeter response to charged pions, kaons, protons and antiprotons and a detailed discussion of the underlying phenomena are presented. We also show techniques that apply corrections to the signals from the considerably different electromagnetic (EB) and hadronic (HB) barrel calorimeters in reconstructing the energies of hadrons. Above 5 GeV/c, these corrections improve the energy resolution of the combined system where the stochastic term equals 84.7$\pm$1.6$\%$ and the constant term is 7.4$\pm$0.8$\%$. The corrected mean response remains constant within 1.3$\%$ rms