Visualization of Crystallographic Defects in InSb Micropillars by Ptychographic Topography

International audienceInvestigation of the strain field and defects in crystalline materials is essential in materials characterization, fabrication and design, as they are responsible for distinct mechanical, electric and magnetic properties of a desired material. Therefore, the visualization of strain and its relation to the type and density of defects in the crystal at the nanoscale is required. A domain in which such questions are particularly relevant is the fabrication of nanodevices for microelectronics from semiconductors, such as InSb, that are used as fast transistors, detectors and sensors. Classically, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) provides imaging of the crystalline defects with atomic spatial resolution, but due to the thin sections requirement, sample preparation is invasive and can modify the strain fields to be analyzed. A conventional tool to non-invasively study strain is Laue X-ray micro-diffraction [1], which reveals the strain field in crystalline samples averaged over the direction of the beam propagation with a resolution limited by the beam size. X-ray topography (XRT) [2] has been routinely used for imaging defects based on the diffraction contrast, with the resolution being restricted by the detector pixel size. X-ray coherence methods, such as coherent diffraction imaging (CDI) and ptychography, which are based on measuring the sample's far-field diffraction patterns and using phase retrieval algorithms, permit obtaining high resolution images. If the measurements are performed close to a Bragg peak, the resulting image becomes highly sensitive to the presence of strain [3, 4]. We have recently developed ptychographic topography, in which a crystalline sample is rotated with respect to the incident beam such that a certain atomic plane is in the Bragg condition, as shown in Fig. 1a [5]. A pinhole is then placed after the sample in the forward direction and is spatially translated, providing the sufficient overlapping necessary for ptychographic reconstructions [6]. The diffraction patterns are recorded at each pinhole position with a 2D detector downstream of the pinhole and used simultaneously for the reconstruction of the wave front at the pinhole position. So far measurements were performed in forward direction due to the limited space at the beamline to fulfil the ptychographic detector sampling requirement along the Bragg-diffracted beam direction. Numerical backpropagation then enables one to obtain an image of the sample, which is sensitive to the lattice displacements caused by defects

Imaging ultrafast dynamical diffraction wavefronts in strained Si with coherent X-rays

Dynamical diffraction effects in single crystals produce highly monochromatic parallel X-ray beams with a mutual separation of a few micrometer and a time-delay of a few fs -the so-called echoes. This ultrafast diffraction effect is used at X-ray Free Electron Lasers in self-seeding schemes to improve beam monochromaticity. Here, we present a coherent X-ray imaging measurement of echoes from Si crystals and demonstrate that a small surface strain can be used to tune their temporal delay. These results represent a first step towards the ambitious goal of strain-tailoring new X-ray optics

A lathe system for micrometre-sized cylindrical sample preparation at room and cryogenic temperatures

A simple two-spindle based lathe system for the preparation of cylindrical samples intended for X-ray tomography is presented. The setup can operate at room temperature as well as under cryogenic conditions, allowing the preparation of samples down to 20 and 50 µm in diameter, respectively, within minutes. Case studies are presented involving the preparation of a brittle biomineral brachiopod shell and cryogenically fixed soft brain tissue, and their examination by means of ptychographic X-ray computed tomography reveals the preparation method to be mainly free from causing artefacts. Since this lathe system easily yields near-cylindrical samples ideal for tomography, a usage for a wide variety of otherwise challenging specimens is anticipated, in addition to potential use as a time- and cost-saving tool prior to focused ion-beam milling. Fast sample preparation becomes especially important in relation to shorter measurement times expected in next-generation synchrotron sources

Plastic Deformation of InSb Micro-Pillars: A Comparative Study Between Spatially Resolved Laue and Monochromatic X-Ray Micro-Diffraction Maps

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Nanoscale 3D quantitative imaging of 1.88 Ga Gunflint microfossils reveals novel insights into taphonomic and biogenic characters

International audiencePrecambrian cellular remains frequently have simple morphologies, micrometric dimensions and are poorly preserved, imposing severe analytical and interpretational challenges, especially for irrefutable attestations of biogenicity. The 1.88 Ga Gunflint biota is a Precambrian microfossil assemblage with different types and qualities of preservation across its numerous geological localities and provides important insights into the Proterozoic biosphere and taphonomic processes. Here we use synchrotron-based ptychographic X-ray computed tomography to investigate well-preserved carbonaceous microfossils from the Schreiber Beach locality as well as poorly-preserved, iron-replaced fossil filaments from the Mink Mountain locality, Gunflint Formation. 3D nanoscale imaging with contrast based on electron density allowed us to assess the morphology and carbonaceous composition of different specimens and identify the minerals associated with their preservation based on retrieved mass densities. In the Mink Mountain filaments, the identification of mature kerogen and maghemite rather than the ubiquitously described hematite indicates an influence from biogenic organics on the local maturation of iron oxides through diagenesis. This non-destructive 3D approach to microfossil composition at the nanoscale within their geological context represents a powerful approach to assess the taphonomy and biogenicity of challenging or poorly preserved traces of early microbial life, and may be applied effectively to extraterrestrial samples returned from upcoming space missions

Time-domain THz spectroscopy of the characteristics of hydroxyapatite provides a signature of heating in bone tissue

Because of the importance of bone in the biomedical, forensic and archaeological contexts, new investigation techniques are constantly required to better characterize bone ultrastructure. In the present paper, we provide an extended investigation of the vibrational features of bone tissue in the 0.1-3 THz frequency range by time-domain THz spectroscopy. Their assignment is supported by a combination of X-ray diffraction and DFT-normal modes calculations. We investigate the effect of heating on bone tissue and synthetic calcium-phosphates compounds with close structure and composition to bone mineral, including stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (HA), tricalcium phosphate, calcium pyrophosphate and tetracalcium phosphate. We thus demonstrate that the narrow vibrational mode at 2.1 THz in bone samples exposed to thermal treatment above 750 °C arises from a lattice mode of stoichiometric HA. This feature is also observed in the other synthetic compounds, although weaker or broader, but is completely smeared out in the non-stoichiometric HA, close to natural bone mineral composition, or in synthetic poorly crystalline HA powder. The THz spectral range therefore provides a clear signature of the crystalline state of the investigated bone tissue and could, therefore be used to monitor or identify structural transitions occurring in bone upon heating

Multiscale characterization of bone mineral : new perspectives in structural imaging using X-ray and electron diffraction contrast

Le tissu osseux est un matériau composite biologique principalement constitué de molécules de collagène, de nanocristaux minéraux et d'eau et qui est organisé en plusieurs niveaux hiérarchiques dont les dimensions caractéristiques s’étendent sur plus de 8 ordres de grandeur. Une compréhension fondamentale de l’organisation de la structure minérale du tissu osseux aux différentes échelles représente un enjeu important pour la communauté biomédicale. Pour répondre à cette demande, nous avons appliqué de nouvelles méthodes actuellement en développement pour la science des matériaux afin de caractériser la phase minérale: l’imagerie par diffraction cohérente des rayons X (CXDI), par la microscopie électronique à transmission avec cartographie d'orientation cristalline automatisée (ACOM-TEM) et l’analyse de la fonction de distribution de paires (PDF) des diagrammes de diffraction des rayons X.Le tissu osseux a été étudié depuis l’échelle de l’angström, pour l’arrangement atomique, en tenant compte de la composition chimique et des variations de longueur des liaisons interatomique, en passant par l'organisation individuelle des cristaux (et entre cristaux), jusqu’à leur organisation à l’échelle du micron avec une résolution nanométrique, permettant également de résoudre la structure de la nano porosité du tissu.Les preuves de principe ont été réalisées sur un modèle bovin et en utilisant des os traités thermiquement pour tester l'applicabilité et la sensibilité des différentes méthodes. En outre, ces résultats sont d'un intérêt direct pour l'archéologie, l'anthropologie et la science médico-légale. De plus, nos premières études réalisées sur des tissus osseux humains affectés par diverses pathologies ont permis de montrer que les différences structurales induites par les pathologies peuvent être détectées à l’échelle du cristal.La description de la préparation des échantillons, les configurations expérimentales et les analyses de données pourraient, ainsi, être appliquées à d'autres tissus osseux, ex. avec un degré différent de maturation ou de différentes espèces. Les tissus de structure et composition similaires aux os tels que la dentine ou le bois de rennes, ainsi que des matériaux poreux inorganiques multi-échelles pourraient également être analysés avec les protocoles proposés.Comprendre les caractéristiques nanostructurales du tissu osseux est donc indispensable afin d’identifier des marqueurs structuraux clés des pathologies de l'os humain. Cette stratégie pourra avoir un impact sur les futurs développements de nouveaux outils pour le diagnostic ou pour évaluer l'efficacité des thérapies pharmaceutiques actuelles.Bone tissue is a biological composite material organized in several hierarchical levels that spread over more than 8 orders of magnitude in length scales, which is made of three principal components: collagen molecules, mineral nanocrystals and water. A fundamental understanding of how the mineral structure of bone tissue is organized at different length scales is essential for the biomedical community. To answer this demand, we applied novel methods currently in development for materials science to characterize the mineral phase: coherent X-ray diffraction imaging (CXDI), automated crystal orientation mapping with transmission electron microscope (ACOM-TEM) and pair distribution function analysis (PDF) of X-ray diffraction patterns.Bone tissue was investigated from its sub-angstrom arrangement, taking into account chemical composition and interatomic bond lengths shifts, through individual crystal organization (one crystal with respect to the next), to their micrometer organization with nanometer resolution, also allowing resolving the nanoporosity structure within the tissue.Beside the investigation of native bovine tissues, heated bones that are of interest in archeology, anthropology and forensic science, were used as a model to test for the applicability and sensitivity of the different methods for such biological materials. Moreover, a first insight into pathological bone tissues enabled to show that the structural differences of particular pathologies in comparison to healthy state can be observed already at the sub-angstrom scale (as seen from interatomic bonds shifts).The sample preparation described, the experimental setups and data analysis schemes could, furthermore, be applied to bone tissue at different anatomical location, with different degree of tissue maturation, to different species and pathological cases. Bone-like tissues such as dentin and antler as well as inorganic multiscale-porous materials could also be analyzed by the proposed scheme.Understanding the nanostructural characteristics of bone tissue is therefore useful to identify key structural markers of pathological human bone. This strategy could have an impact on future developments of new tools for diagnostic or to assess the effectiveness of pharmaceutical treatments

Caractérisation multi-échelle du minéral osseux: apport de l'imagerie structurale par contraste de diffraction des rayons X et d'électrons

Bone tissue is a biological composite material organized in several hierarchical levels that spread over more than 8 orders of magnitude in length scales, which is made of three principal components: collagen molecules, mineral nanocrystals and water. A fundamental understanding of how the mineral structure of bone tissue is organized at different length scales is essential for the biomedical community. To answer this demand, we applied novel methods currently in development for materials science to characterize the mineral phase: coherent X-ray diffraction imaging (CXDI), automated crystal orientation mapping with transmission electron microscope (ACOM-TEM) and pair distribution function analysis (PDF) of X-ray diffraction patterns.Bone tissue was investigated from its sub-angstrom arrangement, taking into account chemical composition and interatomic bond lengths shifts, through individual crystal organization (one crystal with respect to the next), to their micrometer organization with nanometer resolution, also allowing resolving the nanoporosity structure within the tissue.Beside the investigation of native bovine tissues, heated bones that are of interest in archeology, anthropology and forensic science, were used as a model to test for the applicability and sensitivity of the different methods for such biological materials. Moreover, a first insight into pathological bone tissues enabled to show that the structural differences of particular pathologies in comparison to healthy state can be observed already at the sub-angstrom scale (as seen from interatomic bonds shifts). The sample preparation described, the experimental setups and data analysis schemes could, furthermore, be applied to bone tissue at different anatomical location, with different degree of tissue maturation, to different species and pathological cases. Bone-like tissues such as dentin and antler as well as inorganic multiscale-porous materials could also be analyzed by the proposed scheme. Understanding the nanostructural characteristics of bone tissue is therefore useful to identify key structural markers of pathological human bone. This strategy could have an impact on future developments of new tools for diagnostic or to assess the effectiveness of pharmaceutical treatments.Le tissu osseux est un matériau composite biologique principalement constitué de molécules de collagène, de nanocristaux minéraux et d'eau et qui est organisé en plusieurs niveaux hiérarchiques dont les dimensions caractéristiques s’étendent sur plus de 8 ordres de grandeur. Une compréhension fondamentale de l’organisation de la structure minérale du tissu osseux aux différentes échelles représente un enjeu important pour la communauté biomédicale. Pour répondre à cette demande, nous avons appliqué de nouvelles méthodes actuellement en développement pour la science des matériaux afin de caractériser la phase minérale: l’imagerie par diffraction cohérente des rayons X (CXDI), par la microscopie électronique à transmission avec cartographie d'orientation cristalline automatisée (ACOM-TEM) et l’analyse de la fonction de distribution de paires (PDF) des diagrammes de diffraction des rayons X.Le tissu osseux a été étudié depuis l’échelle de l’angström, pour l’arrangement atomique, en tenant compte de la composition chimique et des variations de longueur des liaisons interatomique, en passant par l'organisation individuelle des cristaux (et entre cristaux), jusqu’à leur organisation à l’échelle du micron avec une résolution nanométrique, permettant également de résoudre la structure de la nano porosité du tissu.Les preuves de principe ont été réalisées sur un modèle bovin et en utilisant des os traités thermiquement pour tester l'applicabilité et la sensibilité des différentes méthodes. En outre, ces résultats sont d'un intérêt direct pour l'archéologie, l'anthropologie et la science médico-légale. De plus, nos premières études réalisées sur des tissus osseux humains affectés par diverses pathologies ont permis de montrer que les différences structurales induites par les pathologies peuvent être détectées à l’échelle du cristal.La description de la préparation des échantillons, les configurations expérimentales et les analyses de données pourraient, ainsi, être appliquées à d'autres tissus osseux, ex. avec un degré différent de maturation ou de différentes espèces. Les tissus de structure et composition similaires aux os tels que la dentine ou le bois de rennes, ainsi que des matériaux poreux inorganiques multi-échelles pourraient également être analysés avec les protocoles proposés.Comprendre les caractéristiques nanostructurales du tissu osseux est donc indispensable afin d’identifier des marqueurs structuraux clés des pathologies de l'os humain. Cette stratégie pourra avoir un impact sur les futurs développements de nouveaux outils pour le diagnostic ou pour évaluer l'efficacité des thérapies pharmaceutiques actuelles