Inflammatory biomarkers and brain health indicators in children with overweight and obesity: The ActiveBrains project

INTRODUCTION: Chronic inflammation plays an important role on the pathogenesis of several cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, as well as on brain function and behaviour. The aim of the present study was to examine the associations between inflammatory biomarkers and a wide range of brain health indicators (i.e., academic performance, executive function, behavioural and emotional functioning, and brain volume) in children with overweight/obesity. METHODS: A total of 107 children (10.0 ± 1.1 years, 41% girls) from the ActiveBrains project were included in the analysis. Five inflammatory biomarkers were analysed in plasma: white blood cell (WBC) count, interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and C-reactive protein (CRP). Academic performance was assessed by Woodcock-Munoz Tests of Achievement. Executive function was assessed through the Design Fluency Test for cognitive flexibility, the Stroop test for cognitive inhibition, and the Delayed Non-Match-to-Sample task for working memory. Behavioural and emotional functioning was evaluated through the Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC) questionnaire. Total and regional brain volume was assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS: IL-6 was inversely associated with adaptive skills (beta = -0.228; p = 0.030), while TNF-alpha was related to mathematics (beta = -0.198; p = 0.034). In addition, CRP was positively associated with externalizing (beta = 0.246; p = 0.046) and internalizing problems (beta = 0.234; p = 0.039), as well as the behavioural symptoms index (beta = 0.236; p = 0.047). However, these significant associations disappeared after multiple comparisons correction. Inflammatory biomarkers were not associated with executive function and total brain volumes. Regarding regional brain analyses, WBC was positively associated with gray matter volume in the left middle temporal gyrus (beta = 0.387; p < 0.001, k = 44), and CRP was positively associated with gray matter volume in the right superior temporal gyrus (beta = 0.439; p < 0.001, k = 29). Additionally, when adjusting by total brain volume, CRP was positively associated with gray matter volume in the right supplementary motor cortex (beta = 0.453; p < 0.001, k = 51). Moreover, both, IL-6 (beta = 0.366; p < 0.001, k = 81) and TNF-alpha (beta = 0.368; p < 0.001, k = 62) were positively associated with white matter volume around the right inferior frontal gyrus pars opercularis, while CRP was inversely associated with white matter volume around the left superior frontal gyrus (beta = -0.482; p < 0.001, k = 82). After adjusting by total brain volume, CRP was also inversely associated with white matter volume in 3 additional clusters (beta ranging from -0.473 to -0.404; p < 0.001, k = 87). CONCLUSIONS: Inflammation was slightly associated with brain health (i.e., academic performance, behavioural and emotional functioning and regional brain volume) in children with overweight or obesity. Further larger longitudinal and interventional studies are warranted to elucidate the short-term and long-term effect of systemic low-grade inflammation on children's brain health

Sucrose effect on broomrape (Orobanche crenata) development on narbon bean (Vicia narbonensis L.)

The growth and development of broomrapes (Orobanche spp.) fully depends on the nutritional connection established between the parasitic plant and the root of the corresponding host plant. In thepresent study, narbon bean plants infected with Orobanche crenata were watered with different concentrations of sucrose (0.014, 0.044, 0.088 and 0.146 M) in order to evaluate its effect on the earlygrowth stages of the parasite. The germination of O. crenata seeds decreased with increasing sucrose concentrations and the number of infection attachments of crenata broomrapes decreased significantlywhen sucrose was present. A parallel experiment was conducted with identical sorbitol concentrations in order to determinate the role of the osmotic potential in the inhibition of the parasite growth. Ourresults showed that while low sucrose concentrations significantly reduced seed germination in O. crenata, similar concentrations of sorbitol have no significant effect thus indicating that the effect ofsucrose is not simply osmotic. Sucrose phytotoxicity was also studied by considering the dry weight of the host plants

Molecular rearrangement of an Aza-Scorpiand macrocycle induced by pH: A computational study

Rearrangements and their control are a hot topic in supramolecular chemistry due to the possibilities that these phenomena open in the design of synthetic receptors and molecular machines. Macrocycle aza-scorpiands constitute an interesting system that can reorganize their spatial structure depending on pH variations or the presence of metal cations. In this study, the relative stabilities of these conformations were predicted computationally by semi-empirical and density functional theory approximations, and the reorganization from closed to open conformations was simulated by using the Monte Carlo multiple minimum method

Synthesis and characterization of graphene/polythiophene (GR/PT) nanocomposites:Evaluation as high-performance supercapacitor electrodes

Composites of polythiophene (PT) and graphene (GR) with different mass proportions were studied for their application as supercapacitors. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) along with High Resolution Scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM) were employed in order to characterize the morphology and composition of the resulting composites. The electrochemical behaviour of these composites was studied by means of cyclic voltammetry and specific capacitance curves were derived from these measurements. The Faradaic impedance spectroscopy response of the different composites, along with that of GR, was also studied. From these measurements it was found that a 1:1 in mass composite of GR and PT showed a higher specific capacitance, even when compared with GR alone. The introduction of the GR in that proportion also showed an enhanced cyclic stability in comparison with the sole polymer. The high specific capacitance (365 F g-1 at 1 A g-1) of this composite material indicates its potential for use as an electrode material for supercapacitors.Fil: Melo, J. P.. Universidad Bernardo OHiggins; ChileFil: Schulz, Eduardo Nicolás. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Ingeniería Química. Instituto de Ingeniería Electroquímica y Corrosión; Argentina. University of Birmingham; Reino UnidoFil: Morales Verdejo, C.. Universidad Bernardo OHiggins; ChileFil: Horswell, S. L.. University of Birmingham; Reino UnidoFil: Camarada, M. B.. Universidad Bernardo OHiggins; Chil

Transforming meteorological data into linked data

This paper describes the process followed in order to make some of the public meterological data from the Agencia Estatal de Meteorología (AEMET, Spanish Meteorological Office) available as Linked Data. The method followed has been already used to publish geographical, statistical, and leisure data. The data selected for publication are generated every ten minutes by the 250 automatic stations that belong to AEMET and that are deployed across Spain. These data are available as spreadsheets in the AEMET data catalog, and contain more than twenty types of measurements per station. Spreadsheets are retrieved from the website, processed with Python scripts, transformed to RDF according to an ontology network about meteorology that reuses the W3C SSN Ontology, published in a triple store and visualized in maps with Map4rdf

Early life factors and white matter microstructure in children with overweight and obesity: The ActiveBrains project

This study was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (DEP2013-47540, DEP2016-79512-R, and DEP2017-91544-EXP), the European Regional Development Fund, the European Commission (No 667302) and the Alicia Koplowitz Foundation. This study was partially funded by the UGR Research and Knowledge Transfer Fund (PPIT) 2016, Excellence Actions Programme. Units of Scientific Excellence; Scientific Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES) and by the Regional Government of Andalusia, Regional Ministry of Economy, Knowledge, Entreprises and University and European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), ref. SOMM17/6107/UGR. In addition, this study was further supported by the SAMID III network, RETICS, funded by the PN IthornDthornI 2017-2021 (Spain). Additional funding was obtained from the Andalusian Operational Programme supported with European Regional Development Funds (ERDF in English, FEDER in Spanish, project ref: B-CTS-355-UGR18). PS-U is supported by a grant from ANID/BECAS Chile/72180543. IE-C is supported by the Spanish Ministries of Economy and Competitiveness (RTI2018-095284-J-100), and Science and Innovation (RYC2019-027287-I). JV-R is supported by a grant from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (FJCI-2017-33396). Funding for open access charge: Universidad de Granada/CBUA. We would like to thank all the families participating in the ActiveBrains. We are grateful to Ms. Ana Yara Postigo-Fuentes for her assistance with the English language. We also acknowledge everyone who helped with the data collection and all of the members involved in the fieldwork for their effort, enthusiasm, and support. This work is part of Ph.D. Thesis conducted in the Biomedicine Doctoral Studies of the University of Granada, Spain.Background & aims: Exposure to a suboptimal environment during the fetal and early infancy period's results in long-term consequences for brain morphology and function. We investigated the associations of early life factors such as anthropometric neonatal data (i.e., birth length, birth weight and birth head circumference) and breastfeeding practices (i.e., exclusive and any breastfeeding) with white matter (WM) microstructure, and ii) we tested whether WM tracts related to early life factors are associated with academic performance in children with overweight/obesity. Methods: 96 overweight/obese children (10.03 +/- 1.16 years; 38.7% girls) were included from the ActiveBrains Project. WM microstructure indicators used were fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD), derived from Diffusion Tensor Imaging. Academic performance was evaluated with the Battery III Woodcock-Munoz Tests of Achievement. Regression models were used to examine the associations of the early life factors with tract-specific FA and MD, as well as its association with academic performance. Results: Head circumference at birth was positively associated with FA of the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus tract (0.441; p = 0.005), as well as negatively associated with MD of the cingulate gyrus part of cingulum (-0.470; p = 0.006), corticospinal (-0.457; p = 0.005) and superior thalamic radiation tract (-0.476; p = 0.001). Association of birth weight, birth length and exclusive breastfeeding with WM microstructure did not remain significant after false discovery rate correction. None tract related to birth head circumference was associated with academic performance (all p > 0.05). Conclusions: Our results highlighted the importance of the perinatal growth in WM microstructure later in life, although its possible academic implications remain inconclusive.Spanish Government DEP2013-47540 DEP2016-79512-R DEP2017-91544-EXPEuropean Commission European Commission European Commission Joint Research Centre 667302Alicia Koplowitz FoundationUGR Research and Knowledge Transfer Fund (PPIT) 2016, Excellence Actions ProgrammeEuropean Commission SOMM17/6107/UGRSAMID III network, RETICS - PN I+D+I 2017-2021 (Spain)Andalusian Operational Programme - European Regional Development Funds B-CTS-355-UGR18ANID/BECAS Chile 72180543Spanish Government RTI2018-095284-J-100 FJCI-2017-33396 RYC2019-027287-

Resistance of Hybrid Citrus Rootstocks to a Mediterranean Biotype of Tylenchulus semipenetrans Cobb

The response of 52 citrus hybrid rootstocks to a Mediterranean biotype of Tylenchulus semipenetrans Cobb was determined in greenhouse tests. Seven selections of the cross ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin [Citrus reshni Hort. x Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf], and one of Citrus volkameriana Pasq. x P. trifoliata did not support nematode reproduction and were considered as highly resistant to the citrus nematode. The nematode showed very low infectivity and reproductive potential on seven additional selections of ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin x P. trifoliata, one of ‘King’ mandarin x P. trifoliata, and two C. volkameriana x P. trifoliata. These selections were considered as nematode resistant. All the selections with ‘Troyer’ citrange [Citrus sinensis (L). Osbeck x P. trifoliata (L.) Raf] in their parentage supported nematode reproduction but showed different levels of susceptibility

JOYCE: Jülich Observatory for cloud evolution

The Jülich Observatory for Cloud Evolution (JOYCE), located at Forschungszentrum Jülich in the most western part of Germany, is a recently established platform for cloud research. The main objective of JOYCE is to provide observations, which improve our understanding of the cloudy boundary layer in a midlatitude environment. Continuous and temporally highly resolved measurements that are specifically suited to characterize the diurnal cycle of water vapor, stability, and turbulence in the lower troposphere are performed with a special focus on atmosphere–surface interaction. In addition, instruments are set up to measure the micro- and macrophysical properties of clouds in detail and how they interact with different boundary layer processes and the large-scale synoptic situation. For this, JOYCE is equipped with an array of state-of-the-art active and passive remote sensing and in situ instruments, which are briefly described in this scientific overview. As an example, a 24-h time series of the evolution of a typical cumulus cloud-topped boundary layer is analyzed with respect to stability, turbulence, and cloud properties. Additionally, we present longer-term statistics, which can be used to elucidate the diurnal cycle of water vapor, drizzle formation through autoconversion, and warm versus cold rain precipitation formation. Both case studies and long-term observations are important for improving the representation of clouds in climate and numerical weather prediction models

Inhibitory Effect of Azamacrocyclic Ligands on Polyphenol Oxidase in Model and Food Systems

This document is the unedited Author's version of a Submitted Work that was subsequently accepted for publication in Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, copyright © American Chemical Society after peer review. To access the final edited and published work see https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jafc.0c02407[EN] Enzymatic browning is one of the main problems faced by the food industry due to the enzyme polyphenol oxidase (PPO) provoking an undesirable color change in the presence of oxygen. Here, we report the evaluation of 10 different azamacrocyclic compounds with diverse morphologies as potential inhibitors against the activity of PPO, both in model and real systems. An initial screening of 10 ligands shows that all azamacrocyclic compounds inhibit to some extent the enzymatic browning, but the molecular structure plays a crucial role on the power of inhibition. Kinetic studies of the most active ligand (L2) reveal a S-parabolic I-parabolic noncompetitive inhibition mechanism and a remarkable inhibition at micromolar concentration (IC50 = 10 mu M). Furthermore, L2 action has been proven on apple juice to significantly reduce the enzymatic browning.Financial support by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades (project RTI2018-100910-B-C44), Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (projects CTQ2016-78499-C6-1-R, Unidad de Excelencia MDM 2015-0038 and CTQ2017-90852-REDC), and Generalitat Valenciana (Project PROMETEOII2015-002) is gratefully acknowledged.Muñoz-Pina, S.; Ros-Lis, JV.; Delgado-Pinar, E.; Martínez-Camarena, Á.; Verdejo, B.; García-España, E.; Argüelles Foix, AL.... (2020). Inhibitory Effect of Azamacrocyclic Ligands on Polyphenol Oxidase in Model and Food Systems. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 68(30):7964-7973. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.0c02407796479736830Simpson, B. K. (Ed.). (2012). 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