Tetraspanins, Another Piece in the HIV-1 Replication Puzzle

Despite the great research effort placed during the last decades in HIV-1 study, still some aspects of its replication cycle remain unknown. All this powerful research has succeeded in developing different drugs for AIDS treatment, but none of them can completely remove the virus from infected patients, who require life-long medication. The classical approach was focused on the study of virus particles as the main target, but increasing evidence highlights the importance of host cell proteins in HIV-1 cycle. In this context, tetraspanins have emerged as critical players in different steps of the viral infection cycle. Through their association with other molecules, including membrane receptors, cytoskeletal proteins, and signaling molecules, tetraspanins organize specialized membrane microdomains called tetraspanin-enriched microdomains (TEMs). Within these microdomains, several tetraspanins have been described to regulate HIV-1 entry, assembly, and transfer between cells. Interestingly, the importance of tetraspanins CD81 and CD63 in the early steps of viral replication has been recently pointed out. Indeed, CD81 can control the turnover of the HIV-1 restriction factor SAMHD1. This deoxynucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase counteracts HIV-1 reverse transcription (RT) in resting cells via its dual function as dNTPase, catalyzing deoxynucleotide triphosphates into deoxynucleosides and inorganic triphosphate, and as exonuclease able to degrade single-stranded RNAs. SAMHD1 has also been related with the detection of viral nucleic acids, regulating the innate immune response and would promote viral latency. New evidences demonstrating the ability of CD81 to control SAMHD1 expression, and as a consequence, HIV-1 RT activity, highlight the importance of TEMs for viral replication. Here, we will briefly review how tetraspanins modulate HIV-1 infection, focusing on the latest findings that link TEMs to viral replication.This work was supported by grants BFU2014-55478-R; BIO2017-86500-R; Fundacion Ramon Areces and RYC-2012-11025 to MY-M; and was co-funded by Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER). HS was supported by a FPI-UAM Fellowship.S

CD81 controls sustained T cell activation signaling and defines the maturation stages of cognate immunological synapses

In this study, we investigated the dynamics of the molecular interactions of tetraspanin CD81 in T lymphocytes, and we show that CD81 controls the organization of the immune synapse (IS) and T cell activation. Using quantitative microscopy, including fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), phasor fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy-Föster resonance energy transfer (phasorFLIM-FRET), and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM), we demonstrate that CD81 interacts with ICAM-1 and CD3 during conjugation between T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs). CD81 and ICAM-1 exhibit distinct mobilities in central and peripheral areas of early and late T cell-APC contacts. Moreover, CD81-ICAM-1 and CD81- CD3 dynamic interactions increase over the time course of IS formation, as these molecules redistribute throughout the contact area. Therefore, CD81 associations unexpectedly define novel sequential steps of IS maturation. Our results indicate that CD81 controls the temporal progression of the IS and the permanence of CD3 in the membrane contact area, contributing to sustained T cell receptor (TCR)-CD3-mediated signaling. Accordingly, we find that CD81 is required for proper T cell activation, regulating CD3ζ, ZAP-70, LAT, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation; CD69 surface expression; and interleukin- 2 (IL-2) secretion. Our data demonstrate the important role of CD81 in the molecular organization and dynamics of the IS architecture that sets the signaling threshold in T cell activationThis work was supported by SAF2011-25834 from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, INDISNET-S2011/BMD-2332 from the Comunidad de Madrid, Cardiovascular Network RD12-0042-0056 from the Instituto Salud Carlos III, and ERC-2011-AdG 294340-GENTRI

The association of CD81 with tetraspanin-enriched microdomains is not essential for Hepatitis C virus entry

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Three percent of the world's population is chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and thus at risk of developing liver cancer. Although precise mechanisms regulating HCV entry into hepatic cells are still unknown, several cell surface proteins have been identified as entry factors for this virus. Among these molecules, the tetraspanin CD81 is essential for HCV entry. Interestingly, CD81 is also required for <it>Plasmodium </it>infection. A major characteristic of tetraspanins is their ability to interact with each other and other transmembrane proteins to build tetraspanin-enriched microdomains (TEM).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In our study, we describe a human hepatoma Huh-7 cell clone (Huh-7w7) which has lost CD81 expression and can be infected by HCV when human CD81 (hCD81) or mouse CD81 (mCD81) is ectopically expressed. We took advantage of these permissive cells expressing mCD81 and the previously described MT81/MT81w mAbs to analyze the role of TEM-associated CD81 in HCV infection. Importantly, MT81w antibody, which only recognizes TEM-associated mCD81, did not strongly affect HCV infection. Furthermore, cholesterol depletion, which inhibits HCV infection and reduces total cell surface expression of CD81, did not affect TEM-associated CD81 levels. In addition, sphingomyelinase treatment, which also reduces HCV infection and cell surface expression of total CD81, raised TEM-associated CD81 levels.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>In contrast to <it>Plasmodium </it>infection, our data show that association of CD81 with TEM is not essential for the early steps of HCV life cycle, indicating that these two pathogens, while using the same molecules, invade their host by different mechanisms.</p

The PDZ-adaptor protein syntenin-1 regulates HIV-1 entry

Syntenin-1 is a cytosolic adaptor protein involved in several cellular processes requiring polarization. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) attachment to target CD4(+) T-cells induces polarization of the viral receptor and coreceptor, CD4/CXCR4, and cellular structures toward the virus contact area, and triggers local actin polymerization and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP(2)) production, which are needed for successful HIV infection. We show that syntenin-1 is recruited to the plasma membrane during HIV-1 attachment and associates with CD4, the main HIV-1 receptor. Syntenin-1 overexpression inhibits HIV-1 production and HIV-mediated cell fusion, while syntenin depletion specifically increases HIV-1 entry. Down-regulation of syntenin-1 expression reduces F-actin polymerization in response to HIV-1. Moreover, HIV-induced PIP(2) accumulation is increased in syntenin-1–depleted cells. Once the virus has entered the target cell, syntenin-1 polarization toward the viral nucleocapsid is lost, suggesting a spatiotemporal regulatory role of syntenin-1 in actin remodeling, PIP(2) production, and the dynamics of HIV-1 entry

The CD81 Partner EWI-2wint Inhibits Hepatitis C Virus Entry

Two to three percent of the world's population is chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and thus at risk of developing liver cancer. Although precise mechanisms regulating HCV entry into hepatic cells are still unknown, several cell surface proteins have been identified as entry factors for this virus. Among these molecules, the tetraspanin CD81 is essential for HCV entry. Here, we have identified a partner of CD81, EWI-2wint, which is expressed in several cell lines but not in hepatocytes. Ectopic expression of EWI-2wint in a hepatoma cell line susceptible to HCV infection blocked viral entry by inhibiting the interaction between the HCV envelope glycoproteins and CD81. This finding suggests that, in addition to the presence of specific entry factors in the hepatocytes, the lack of a specific inhibitor can contribute to the hepatotropism of HCV. This is the first example of a pathogen gaining entry into host cells that lack a specific inhibitory factor

Le rôle de CD81 et de ses protéines associées dans le mécanisme d'entrée du virus de l'hépatite C

Between 2 and 3 percent of the world's population is chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and thus at risk of developing liver cancer. Although precise mechanisms regulating HCV entry into hepatic cells are still unknown, several cell surface proteins have been identified as entry factors for this virus. Among these molecules, tetraspanin CD81 is essential for HCV entry. A major characteristic of tetraspanins is their ability to interact with each other and with other transmembrane proteins, thus building membrane multi-molecular complexes, collectively referred to as the tetraspanin enriched microdomains (TEM). In our study, we analysed the role of CD81 and its associated proteins in HCV entry mechanism. We identified a partner of CD81, EWI-2wint, which inhibits HCV infection. We also analyzed the role of TEM-associated CD81 fraction in HCV infection.During the first part of this work, we showed that EWI-2wint, a new CD81 partner, is expressed in several cell lines but not in hepatocytes. Ectopic expression of EWI-2wint in Huh-7, a hepatoma cell line susceptible to HCV, blocked viral entry by inhibiting the interaction between CD81 and the HCV envelope glycoproteins present on the surface of viral particles. This finding suggests that, in addition to the presence of specific entry factors in the hepatocytes, the lack of a specific inhibitor can contribute to the hepatotropism of HCV. This is the first example of a pathogen gaining entry into host cells that lack a specific inhibitory factor.In parallel of this study, we showed that HCV entry is directly related to CD81 expression level in hepatoma cells. Indeed, successive infections of Huh-7 target cells with highly infectious HCV particles produced in cell culture allowed us to isolate cellular clones exhibiting different HCV infection levels directly correlated with CD81 surface expression level. One of these cellular clones was resistant to HCV infection and had lost CD81 expression (Huh-7w7 cells). Ectopic expression of human CD81 (hCD81) in Huh-7w7 cells restored HCV permissivity. Interestingly, ectopic expression of mouse CD81 (mCD81) in Huh-7w7 cells was also able to restore HCV permissivity, indicating that mCD81 in the context of human hepatocytes mimicks hCD81 in HCV entry and likely in interactions with cellular factors. We then took advantage of these permissive cells expressing mCD81 and the previously described MT81/MT81w monoclonal antibodies to analyze the role of the TEM-associated CD81 in HCV infection. We show that MT81w antibody that only recognizes TEM-associated mCD81 did not inhibit HCV infection and cholesterol depletion, which inhibits HCV infection, did not affect TEM-associated CD81 levels. Similarly, sphingomyelinase treatment, which also reduces HCV infection, raised TEM-associated CD81 levels. In summary, we showed that HCV entry is directly related to CD81 expression level in hepatoma cells and populations of CD81 associated with TEM do not participate in the early steps of HCV life cycle.Le virus de l'hépatite C (VHC) touche 2 à 3% de la population mondiale et la plupart des individus infectés développe une hépatite chronique qui est fortement associée au développement d'un cancer du foie. Bien que les mécanismes de régulation de l'entrée du VHC dans ses cellules cibles, les hépatocytes, soient encore très mal connus, plusieurs protéines de surface cellulaire ont été identifiées comme des facteurs nécessaires à l'entrée virale. Parmi ces protéines, la tétraspanine CD81 est essentielle à l'entrée du VHC. Les membres de la famille des tétraspanines ont la particularité de s'associer entre eux et avec d'autres protéines, appelées partenaires, pour former des complexes multimoléculaires dans des microdomaines appelés microdomaines enrichis en tétraspanines (TEM). Dans notre étude, nous avons analysé le rôle de CD81 et de ses protéines associées dans le mécanisme d'entrée du VHC. En effet, nous avons identifié un nouveau partenaire de CD81, EWI-2wint, qui inhibe l'infection par le VHC, et nous avons analysé le rôle de la fraction de CD81 associée aux TEM dans l'infection par le VHC.Dans un premier temps, nous avons donc montré qu'EWI-2wint, un nouveau partenaire de CD81, est exprimé dans différentes lignées cellulaires mais pas dans les hépatocytes. L'expression ectopique d'EWI-2wint dans des Huh-7, une lignée de cellules hépatiques susceptibles à l'infection par le VHC, bloque l'entrée virale. Nous avons pu montrer que ce blocage se fait par une inhibition de l'interaction entre CD81 et les glycoprotéines d'enveloppe présentes à la surface des particules virales. Notre travail suggère ainsi que l'hépatotropisme du VHC ne serait pas lié uniquement à la présence de facteurs d'entrée spécifiques, mais également à l'absence du facteur inhibiteur EWI-2wint. Ce type de mécanisme de contrôle de l'entrée virale par un inhibiteur cellulaire n'avait jamais été décrit auparavant.En parallèle, nous avons montré que l'entrée du VHC est directement corrélée au niveau d'expression de CD81 dans les cellules hépatocytaires. En utilisant des particules du VHC hautement infectieuses produites en culture cellulaire, nous avons isolé des clones cellulaires indépendants présentant des niveaux d'infection variables. Parmi ces clones, un clone résistant à l'infection avait perdu l'expression de CD81 (cellules Huh-7w7) et l'expression ectopique de la CD81 humaine (hCD81) permet de restaurer la permissivité de ces cellules. De manière intéressante, l'expression ectopique de la CD81 d'origine murine (mCD81) dans les cellules Huh-7w7 restaure également la permissivité au virus, suggérant que la mCD81 dans un contexte cellulaire humain est capable de mimer la hCD81 dans le mécanisme d'entrée du VHC et probablement dans les interactions avec les facteurs cellulaires. Nous avons donc utilisé ces cellules exprimant la mCD81 et des anticorps monoclonaux décrits précédemment, MT81/MT81w, pour analyser le rôle de CD81 associée aux TEM dans l'infection par le VHC. L'anticorps MT81w, qui reconnaît uniquement CD81 associée aux TEM, n'inhibait pas l'infection et la déplétion des cellules en cholestérol, qui inhibe l'infection, n'affectait pas les niveaux de CD81 associée aux TEM. De manière similaire, le traitement des cellules avec la sphingomiélinase, qui réduit l'infection, augmentait les niveaux de CD81 associée aux TEM. En résumé, nous avons montré que l'entrée du VHC dans ses cellules cibles est directement liée au niveau d'expression de CD81 et la sous-population de CD81 associée aux TEM ne participe pas aux étapes initiales du cycle viral du VHC

Tetraspanins as Organizers of Antigen-Presenting Cell Function

Professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) include dendritic cells, monocytes, and B cells. APCs internalize and process antigens, producing immunogenic peptides that enable antigen presentation to T lymphocytes, which provide the signals that trigger T-cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation, and lead to adaptive immune responses. After detection of microbial antigens through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), APCs migrate to secondary lymphoid organs where antigen presentation to T lymphocytes takes place. Tetraspanins are membrane proteins that organize specialized membrane platforms, called tetraspanin-enriched microdomains, which integrate membrane receptors, like PRR and major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II), adhesion proteins, and signaling molecules. Importantly, through the modulation of the function of their associated membrane partners, tetraspanins regulate different steps of the immune response. Several tetraspanins can positively or negatively regulate the activation threshold of immune receptors. They also play a role during migration of APCs by controlling the surface levels and spatial arrangement of adhesion molecules and their subsequent intracellular signaling. Finally, tetraspanins participate in antigen processing and are important for priming of naïve T cells through the control of T-cell co-stimulation and MHC-II-dependent antigen presentation. In this review, we discuss the role of tetraspanins in APC biology and their involvement in effective immune responses

CD81 regulates cell migration through its association with Rac GTPase

CD81 is a member of the tetraspanin family that has been described to have a key role in cell migration of tumor and immune cells. To unravel the mechanisms of CD81-regulated cell migration, we performed proteomic analyses that revealed an interaction of the tetraspanin C-terminal domain with the small GTPase Rac. Direct interaction was confirmed biochemically. Moreover, microscopy cross-correlation analysis demonstrated the in situ integration of both molecules into the same molecular complex. Pull-down experiments revealed that CD81-Rac interaction was direct and independent of Rac activation status. Knockdown of CD81 resulted in enhanced protrusion rate, altered focal adhesion formation, and decreased cell migration, correlating with increased active Rac. Reexpression of wild-type CD81, but not its truncated form lacking the C-terminal cytoplasmic domain, rescued these effects. The phenotype of CD81 knockdown cells was mimicked by treatment with a soluble peptide with the C-terminal sequence of the tetraspanin. Our data show that the interaction of Rac with the C-terminal cytoplasmic domain of CD81 is a novel regulatory mechanism of the GTPase activity turnover. Furthermore, they provide a novel mechanism for tetraspanin-dependent regulation of cell motility and open new avenues for tetraspanin-targeted reagents by the use of cell-permeable peptides. © 2013 Jo et al.PI080794 and PI11/01645 from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III; SAF2011-25834 and ERC AdG-2011; BIO2009-07990 from the Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia; CAM BIO/0194/2006 from Comunidad de Madrid, and RECAVA RD06/0014 from the Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias (Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo, Instituto Salud Carlos III); National Institutes of Health grant GM23244 and the Cell Migration Consortium (U54 GM064346)Peer Reviewe

CD9 Regulates Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Trafficking in Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells

International audienceABSTRACT Antigen presentation by dendritic cells (DCs) stimulates naive CD4 + T cells, triggering T cell activation and the adaptive arm of the immune response. Newly synthesized major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) molecules accumulate at MHC-II-enriched endosomal compartments and are transported to the plasma membrane of DCs after binding to antigenic peptides to enable antigen presentation. In DCs, MHC-II molecules are included in tetraspanin-enriched microdomains (TEMs). However, the role of tetraspanin CD9 in these processes remains largely undefined. Here, we show that CD9 regulates the T cell-stimulatory capacity of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-dependent bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs), without affecting antigen presentation by fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L)-dependent BMDCs. CD9 knockout (KO) GM-CSF-dependent BMDCs, which resemble monocyte-derived DCs (MoDCs), induce lower levels of T cell activation than wild-type DCs, and this effect is related to a reduction in MHC-II surface expression in CD9-deficient MoDCs. Importantly, MHC-II targeting to the plasma membrane is largely impaired in immature CD9 KO MoDCs, in which MHC-II remains arrested in acidic intracellular compartments enriched in LAMP-1 (lysosome-associated membrane protein 1), and MHC-II internalization is also blocked. Moreover, CD9 participates in MHC-II trafficking in mature MoDCs, regulating its endocytosis and recycling. Our results demonstrate that the tetraspanin CD9 specifically regulates antigenic presentation in MoDCs through the regulation of MHC-II intracellular trafficking