Clasificación y descripción fisiográfica de bosques de Araucaria araucana en el sur de Chile: uso satélite Landsat TM

The Landsat satellite has proved its applicability for research about forestry ecosystems as well as its usefulness in the study of Chile center-south araucaria forests. These are millenarian and endemic forests from the southern area of Latin America and have ecological and landscape value. This investigation had as its objective to classify and structurally characterize araucaria forests using Landsat-5 TM, including relief variables for its physiographic description. The study area comprises 46.000 ha located in Conguillío National Park. A Landsat-5 TM satellite image, year 2003, was used. Its resolution is 30 x 30m. The programs used were Idrisi Kilimanjaro, ArcGis and SPSS. Forest with altitude, exposure and slope were related. The real map envisaged 105 points and the confusion matrix allowed statistical analysis. 10 sample plots in each category using forest inventory and it fitosociología were performed. Kappa index turned out to be 75.4% and the global reliability was 89.52%. Seven types of forest and eight physiographic profiles were obtained. It is concluded that there exists a relation among the relief and the highest or smallest density of individuals. In this case, the thematic cartography offers the possibility to direct Management Plan in order to protect and preserve those forestss. El satélite Landsat ha demostrado su aplicabilidad para el estudio de ecosistemas vegetales, por ello su utilidad en el estudio de bosques de Araucaria araucana en el centro-sur de Chile. Estos bosques son milenarios, endémicos del sur de América, y poseen valor ecológico y paisajístico. La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo clasificar y caracterizar estructuralmente bosques de araucaria, utilizando Landsat-5 TM e incorporando variables de relieve para su descripción fisiográfica. El área de estudio es de 46.000 ha, y se ubica en el Parque Nacional Conguillío. Se utilizaron imágenes Landsat-5 TM del año 2003. Su resolución es de 30 °— 30 m. Se utilizó Idrisi Kilimanjaro, ArcGis y SPSS. Se relacionaron los bosques con la altitud, exposición y pendiente. El mapa de verdad contempló 105 puntos y la matriz de confusión permitió el análisis estadístico. Se realizaron 10 parcelas de muestreo en cada categoría utilizando para ello inventario forestal y fitosociología. El índice Kappa resultó ser de un 75,4 % y la fiabilidad global de 89,52 %. Se obtuvieron siete tipos de bosques y ocho perfiles fisiográficos. Se concluye que existe una relación entre el relieve y la mayor o menor densidad de individuos. La cartografía temática obtenida permite orientar los planes de manejo para proteger y conservar estos bosques

Revista digital sobre los juegos populares en la ciudad de Quito

Modernity, capitalism and new cultural industries have caused popular games to be relegated from the social imaginary of the people, placing as a fundamental pillar of life the use of ICTs as the computer, cell phones (applications) and electronic games as a way of mass entertainment of the youngest members of a community, generating spaces for socialization to be excluded from the daily life of citizens and at the same time losing the communicative interaction between the subjects of a society. Video games and massive-digital entertainment applications are part of the current communication and interaction trends of the cultural industries, which due to their practice have transformed popular culture into a culture of consumption, endangering the identity and culture of the neighborhoods of Quito. In recent years, popular games have been displaced by young people due to the daily and massive use of electronic devices and new technologies. Popular Games: Tradition and Culture is a digital magazine that tries to revalue the culture and traditions of the games that are still practiced in the neighborhoods of the city. The spin, national ball, kite, rumi, coconuts, wooden cars, ecuavoley and the indor soccer are part of the content of the cultural magazine, by the technological era are not practiced by people, moving them towards the historical memory of the playful context and Quito socialLa modernidad, el capitalismo y las nuevas industrias culturales han ocasionado que los juegos populares queden relegados del imaginario social de los pueblos, poniendo como estilo de vida el uso de las TICS como la computadora, celulares (aplicaciones) y juegos electrónicos como entretenimiento masivo de los más jóvenes de una comunidad, generando que los espacios de socialización queden excluidos de la cotidianidad de los ciudadanos y a la vez se pierda la interacción comunicativa de una sociedad. Los video juegos y aplicaciones de entretenimiento masivo- digital son parte de las tendencias actuales de comunicación e interacción de las industrias culturales, por su práctica han transformado a la cultura popular en una cultura de consumo, poniendo en peligro la identidad y cultura de los barrios de Quito. En los últimos años, los juegos populares han sido desplazados por los jóvenes debido al uso cotidiano y masivo de los aparatos electrónicos y nuevas tecnologías. Juegos populares: Tradición y cultura es una revista digital que revaloriza la cultura y tradiciones de los juegos que aún se practican en los barrios de la ciudad. El trompo, pelota nacional, cometa, rumi, cocos, coches de madera, ecuavoley y el indor fútbol forman parte del contenido de la revista cultural, por la era tecnológica no son practicados por las personas, desplazándolos hacia la memoria histórica del contexto lúdico y social de Quito

Effects of the herbicide Roundup on freshwater microbial communities: a mesocosm study

The impact of the widely used herbicide glyphosate has been mainly studied in terrestrial weed control, laboratory bioassays, and field studies focusing on invertebrates, amphibians, and fishes. Despite the importance of phytoplankton and periphyton communities at the base of the aquatic food webs, fewer studies have investigated the effects of glyphosate on freshwater microbial assemblages. We assessed the effect of the commercial formulation Roundup using artificial earthen mesocosms. The herbicide was added at three doses: a control (without Roundup) and two treatments of 6 and 12 mg/L of the active ingredient (glyphosate). Estimates of the dissipation rate (k) were similar in the two treatments (half-lives of 5.77 and 7.37 d, respectively). The only two physicochemical parameters showing statistically significant differences between treatments and controls were the downward vertical spectral attenuation coefficient kd(λ), where λ is wavelength, and total phosphorus concentration (TP). At the end of the experiment, the treated mesocosms showed a significant increase in the ratio kd(490 nm)/kd(550 nm) and an eightfold increase in TP. Roundup affected the structure of phytoplankton and periphyton assemblages. Total micro- and nanophytoplankton decreased in abundance in treated mesocosms. In contrast, the abundance of picocyanobacteria increased by a factor of about 40. Primary production also increased in treated mesocosms (roughly by a factor of two). Similar patterns were observed in the periphytic assemblages, which showed an increased proportion of dead : live individuals and increased abundances of cyanobacteria (about 4.5-fold). Interestingly, the observed changes in the microbial assemblages were captured by the analysis of the pigment composition of the phytoplankton, the phytoplankton absorption spectra, and the analysis of the optical properties of the water. The observed changes in the structure of the microbial assemblages are more consistent with a direct toxicological effect of glyphosate rather than an indirect effect mediated by phosphorus enrichment.Fil: Pérez, Gonzalo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas ; ArgentinaFil: Torremorell, Ana María. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas ; ArgentinaFil: Mugni, Hernan Diego. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Limnología ; ArgentinaFil: Rodriguez, Patricia Laura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Vera, Maria Solange. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Do Nascimento, Mauro. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Allende, Luz. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Bustingorry, Jose Fernando. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas ; ArgentinaFil: Escaray, Francisco José. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas ; ArgentinaFil: Ferraro, Marcela Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas ; ArgentinaFil: Izaguirre, Irina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución; ArgentinaFil: Pizarro, Haydee Norma. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución; ArgentinaFil: Bonetto, Carlos Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Limnología ; ArgentinaFil: Morris, Donald P.. Lehigh University; Estados UnidosFil: Zagarese, Horacio Ernesto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas ; Argentin

Long-range photoinduced charge separation in tröger bases D/A dyads

Tröger´s base (and its derivatives) are compounds comprised of two aromatic (or polyaromatic) rings bridged by a diazocine aliphatic cycle. We report herein the photophysical properties of two series of novel Tröger´s bases (TB) asymmetrically substituted by electron donor (D) and electron acceptor (A) substituents. In TB series 3, a carbonitrile group (A[dbnd]CN) lies at the position 2 of the heterocycle, while position 8 is occupied by a series of D with increasing reductant capacity: H (3a), CH3 (3b), OCH3 (3c) or N(CH3)2 (3d). A novel TB series (5a-5d) which comprise the same D, but a 2,2-dicyanovinyl group (A = CHC(CN)2) as electron acceptor, was synthesized and fully characterized. TB absorption (νA max) and emission energies (νF max), fluorescence quantum yields (ΦF) and emission lifetimes (τF) were determined in a series of aprotic solvents covering a wide range of medium polarity (ε∼2-38). νF max, ΦF and τF largely depend on the polarity of the medium and the nature of D/A pair. From the solvatochromic study on νF max, it is concluded that upon excitation TB´s develop large degrees of charge separation (CT). Photophysically, 3a-3c resembles 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)benzonitrile derivatives showing internal CT state dipole moments (μ1 *) of ∼ 15–17 D. For 3d and the entire series 5, CT occurs throughout the diazocine ring giving rise to giant μ1 * (> 25 D). This is indeed an unusual result, because it strongly suggests that the aliphatic diazocine ring can couple the D/A redox centers as a π bridge would do.Fil: Dusso, Diego. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-química de Córdoba. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-química de Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Lanza Castronuovo, Priscila Ailin. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones En Biodiversidad y Biotecnologia. Grupo de Investigacion En Quimica Analitica y Modelado Molecular.; ArgentinaFil: Montejano, Hernan Alfredo. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones en Tecnologías Energéticas y Materiales Avanzados. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones en Tecnologías Energéticas y Materiales Avanzados; ArgentinaFil: Ramírez, Cristina L.. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; ArgentinaFil: Parise, Alejandro Ruben. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata; ArgentinaFil: Vera, Domingo Mariano Adolfo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones En Biodiversidad y Biotecnologia. Grupo de Investigacion En Quimica Analitica y Modelado Molecular.; ArgentinaFil: Moyano, Elizabeth Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-química de Córdoba. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-química de Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Chesta, Carlos Alberto. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones en Tecnologías Energéticas y Materiales Avanzados. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones en Tecnologías Energéticas y Materiales Avanzados; Argentin

Genome-Scale Multilocus Microsatellite Typing of Trypanosoma cruzi Discrete Typing Unit I Reveals Phylogeographic Structure and Specific Genotypes Linked to Human Infection

Trypanosoma cruzi is the most important parasitic infection in Latin America and is also genetically highly diverse, with at least six discrete typing units (DTUs) reported: Tc I, IIa, IIb, IIc, IId, and IIe. However, the current six-genotype classification is likely to be a poor reflection of the total genetic diversity present in this undeniably ancient parasite. To determine whether epidemiologically important information is “hidden” at the sub-DTU level, we developed a 48-marker panel of polymorphic microsatellite loci to investigate population structure among 135 samples from across the geographic distribution of TcI. This DTU is the major cause of resurgent human disease in northern South America but also occurs in silvatic triatomine vectors and mammalian reservoir hosts throughout the continent. Based on a total dataset of 12,329 alleles, we demonstrate that silvatic TcI populations are extraordinarily genetically diverse, show spatial structuring on a continental scale, and have undergone recent biogeographic expansion into the southern United States of America. Conversely, the majority of human strains sampled are restricted to two distinct groups characterised by a considerable reduction in genetic diversity with respect to isolates from silvatic sources. In Venezuela, most human isolates showed little identity with known local silvatic strains, despite frequent invasion of the domestic setting by infected adult vectors. Multilocus linkage indices indicate predominantly clonal parasite propagation among all populations. However, excess homozygosity among silvatic strains and raised heterozygosity among domestic populations suggest that some level of genetic recombination cannot be ruled out. The epidemiological significance of these findings is discussed

Study on the use of computer and the recognition of the existence of internet in a vulnerable population of the Colombian Caribbean

This paper presents the results of a research on Information and Communication Technology -ICT; it specifically focuses on computer use and knowledge of the Internet existence by vulnerable population. La Escuela Busca al Niño (EBN-Santa Marta) Project was selected as a context of research. This was operated by Universidad del Magdalena and was supported by Ministry of National Education, UNICEF, ECOPETROL and Santa Marta Council. The project aim was to provide care for children and adolescents in vulnerable conditions, outside the education system, and their families. In this study, a characterization of 2481 persons of family cores beneficiaries of project was done. The results showed that access levels to computers and knowledge of Internet existence was very low, highlighting that 94% of the population under study has not access to a computer and do not know about Internet existence.Este artículo presenta los resultados de una investigación sobre Tecnología de Información y Comunicación – TIC, específicamente centrado en el uso del computador y el reconocimiento de la existencia de la Internet por parte de población vulnerable. El Proyecto la Escuela Busca al Niño (EBN – Santa Marta) fue seleccionado como el contexto de investigación. Este proyecto es operado por la Universidad del Magdalena y cuenta con el apoyo del Ministerio de Educación, UNICEF, ECOPETROL y la Alcaldía de Santa Marta. Este proyecto tiene como objetivo vincular a los niños, niñas y adolescentes de las comunas 5 y 8 de Santa Marta, en condiciones de vulnerabilidad al sistema educativo, así como brindar atención a sus familias. En desarrollo del estudio se realizó una caracterización a 2481 personas de los núcleos familiares beneficiaros del proyecto. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que los niveles de acceso de este tipo de población a los computadores y el reconocimiento de la existencia de Internet son muy bajos, evidenciando que el 94% de la población en estudio no tiene acceso a un computador y desconoce de la existencia de la Internet

Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to <90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], >300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of <15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P<0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P<0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years

Canagliflozin and Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Chronic Kidney Disease in Primary and Secondary Cardiovascular Prevention Groups

Background: Canagliflozin reduces the risk of kidney failure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease, but effects on specific cardiovascular outcomes are uncertain, as are effects in people without previous cardiovascular disease (primary prevention). Methods: In CREDENCE (Canagliflozin and Renal Events in Diabetes With Established Nephropathy Clinical Evaluation), 4401 participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease were randomly assigned to canagliflozin or placebo on a background of optimized standard of care. Results: Primary prevention participants (n=2181, 49.6%) were younger (61 versus 65 years), were more often female (37% versus 31%), and had shorter duration of diabetes mellitus (15 years versus 16 years) compared with secondary prevention participants (n=2220, 50.4%). Canagliflozin reduced the risk of major cardiovascular events overall (hazard ratio [HR], 0.80 [95% CI, 0.67-0.95]; P=0.01), with consistent reductions in both the primary (HR, 0.68 [95% CI, 0.49-0.94]) and secondary (HR, 0.85 [95% CI, 0.69-1.06]) prevention groups (P for interaction=0.25). Effects were also similar for the components of the composite including cardiovascular death (HR, 0.78 [95% CI, 0.61-1.00]), nonfatal myocardial infarction (HR, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.59-1.10]), and nonfatal stroke (HR, 0.80 [95% CI, 0.56-1.15]). The risk of the primary composite renal outcome and the composite of cardiovascular death or hospitalization for heart failure were also consistently reduced in both the primary and secondary prevention groups (P for interaction >0.5 for each outcome). Conclusions: Canagliflozin significantly reduced major cardiovascular events and kidney failure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease, including in participants who did not have previous cardiovascular disease

Albiglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (Harmony Outcomes): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial

Background: Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists differ in chemical structure, duration of action, and in their effects on clinical outcomes. The cardiovascular effects of once-weekly albiglutide in type 2 diabetes are unknown. We aimed to determine the safety and efficacy of albiglutide in preventing cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke. Methods: We did a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial in 610 sites across 28 countries. We randomly assigned patients aged 40 years and older with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (at a 1:1 ratio) to groups that either received a subcutaneous injection of albiglutide (30–50 mg, based on glycaemic response and tolerability) or of a matched volume of placebo once a week, in addition to their standard care. Investigators used an interactive voice or web response system to obtain treatment assignment, and patients and all study investigators were masked to their treatment allocation. We hypothesised that albiglutide would be non-inferior to placebo for the primary outcome of the first occurrence of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke, which was assessed in the intention-to-treat population. If non-inferiority was confirmed by an upper limit of the 95% CI for a hazard ratio of less than 1·30, closed testing for superiority was prespecified. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02465515. Findings: Patients were screened between July 1, 2015, and Nov 24, 2016. 10 793 patients were screened and 9463 participants were enrolled and randomly assigned to groups: 4731 patients were assigned to receive albiglutide and 4732 patients to receive placebo. On Nov 8, 2017, it was determined that 611 primary endpoints and a median follow-up of at least 1·5 years had accrued, and participants returned for a final visit and discontinuation from study treatment; the last patient visit was on March 12, 2018. These 9463 patients, the intention-to-treat population, were evaluated for a median duration of 1·6 years and were assessed for the primary outcome. The primary composite outcome occurred in 338 (7%) of 4731 patients at an incidence rate of 4·6 events per 100 person-years in the albiglutide group and in 428 (9%) of 4732 patients at an incidence rate of 5·9 events per 100 person-years in the placebo group (hazard ratio 0·78, 95% CI 0·68–0·90), which indicated that albiglutide was superior to placebo (p<0·0001 for non-inferiority; p=0·0006 for superiority). The incidence of acute pancreatitis (ten patients in the albiglutide group and seven patients in the placebo group), pancreatic cancer (six patients in the albiglutide group and five patients in the placebo group), medullary thyroid carcinoma (zero patients in both groups), and other serious adverse events did not differ between the two groups. There were three (<1%) deaths in the placebo group that were assessed by investigators, who were masked to study drug assignment, to be treatment-related and two (<1%) deaths in the albiglutide group. Interpretation: In patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, albiglutide was superior to placebo with respect to major adverse cardiovascular events. Evidence-based glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists should therefore be considered as part of a comprehensive strategy to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes. Funding: GlaxoSmithKline