The Changing Contexts and Transboundary Dynamics of Reconciling Conservation and Development in the Amazon Borderlands

The 12,000 kilometers of international boundaries within the Amazon’s lowland rainforest biome form the axis of a borderland region shared by the nine states of Amazonia (Figure 1). These Amazon borderlands contain high concentrations of conservation units and indigenous territories to preserve the transboundary region’s rich ecological and cultural diversity (Figures 2 & 3). However, this biocultural diversity is increasingly threatened by advancing development frontiers and a growing global demand for Amazonian resources.https://scholarship.richmond.edu/geography-posters/1004/thumbnail.jp

Gender and Species Use in Amazonian Home Gardens: the Social and Economic Context of Biodiversity Conservation

Home gardens, “the peridomestic area belonging to the household where members plant and/or tend useful plants” (Perrault-Archambault and Coomes 2008), are found throughout the world. However, their use and importance vary from region to region. In the Peruvian Amazon, owners use home gardens for a domestic supply of foods, craft materials, medicines, condiments, and shade (Miller and Nair 2006). With this wide range in function, reflected in species content, home gardens are very biodiverse. Home garden biodiversity may be increasingly important in a rapidly changing Amazonia (Betts et al. 2008). Thus, the sociocultural and economic factors contributing to home garden diversity warrant in-depth study. Existing data posit a direct positive relationship between female garden tenders and species diversity (Perrault-Archambault and Coomes 2008) as well as report a simultaneous increase in sales of indigenous plant products and monocropping (Perreault2005). Nevertheless, limited research exists on home gardens as reservoirs for species conservation (Ban and Coomes2004b). We hypothesize both the gender of the caretaker and market integration impact levels of species richness in home gardens, with female garden managers increasing biodiversity and market integration decreasing biodiversity as caretakers favor more marketable species.https://scholarship.richmond.edu/geography-posters/1005/thumbnail.jp

Amazonian States Map Threatened Borderlands

Recently, the Regional Initiative to Integrate South America has begun promoting a transboundary road that would bisect the forested borderlands and connect the two largest cities in the region, while the state governments seek to promote a direct ecological railroad alternative. Both transportation initiatives promise to alter forests and rivers and transform economies and cultures, but these projects also lack the base geographic information necessary to understand their potential transboundary impacts and benefits

Wild Mammals and birds used by inhabitants of the Abujao river basin (Ucayali, Peru)

La Amazonia peruana esta clasificada como un ecosistema mega-diverso. La riqueza de especies de fauna y flora acrecienta la diversidad de la población humana. La cuenca del río Abujao está poblada por mestizos y grupos indígenas Ashéninka y Shipibo-Conibo, los cuales todavía guardan parte de sus tradiciones, conocimientos ancestrales y ecológicos. Esta investigación se realizó con la finalidad de conocer el uso de especies de mamíferos y aves silvestres, por la población indígena y mestiza en la cuenca del río Abujao. Se determinaron categorías de uso; entre las categorías determinadas predomina el mayor conocimiento de mamíferos y aves silvestres para el uso alimenticio, medicinal y comercial; relativamente pocas especies y parte de estas son para uso ritual, mágico y ornamental debido a la pérdida de conocimientos y tradiciones ancestrales. Rescatando estos conocimientos el presente trabajo tiene una gran importancia en la conservación de aves y mamíferos y el conocimiento ecológico de la Amazonía Peruana.The Peruvian Amazon is classified as one of the mega-diverse ecosystem of the world. Local populations have benefited from the uses of its richness of fauna and flora, promoting the emergence of a wide variety of uses. The Abujao river basin, located in the Peruvian Amazon, is home for mestizos and indigenous groups of Ashéninka and Shipibo-Conibo, whose traditions, and ancestral and ecological knowledge are still alive and closely related to their natural environments. This research was carried out to determine how and to what extent present groups of indigenous and mestizo in the Abujao river basin have been using the wild species of mammals and birds in their locations. Categories of its uses were determined. Among of all defined categories, the most predominant one was the use of wild animals for human consumption, traditional medicine and commercial trades. In contrast, relatively few species, in whole or part, were still used for rituals, and ornamental due to the loss of some ancestral knowledge and traditions on these uses. Revaluing this set of knowledge and uses has a great importance in the conservation of birds and mammals as well as the ecological knowledge of local populations in the Peruvian Amazon

Evaluación de la rentabilidad de dos sistemas de producción de leche bovina en suelos ácidos de la región Ucayali, Perú

Objetivo: Comparar la rentabilidad económica y financiera entre un sistema de producción tradicional (ST), y el sistema de producción silvopastoril (SSP). Metodología: En ambos sistemas se incluyó 8 vacas mestizas (3/8 de la raza Holstein y 5/8 de la raza Gyr). Se registraron los costos incurridos y los ingresos en ambos sistemas para determinar la rentabilidad. Resultados: Mediante la prueba multivariada de T2 de Hotelling se encontró diferencias estadísticas altamente significativas entre los indicadores de rentabilidad económica y financiera, siendo mejor la del SSP. Conclusión: En ambos sistemas de producción, las variables más sensibles fueron la Productividad de leche y el Precio de Venta de la leche

Invisible Occupation: Indigenous Natural Resource Management in the Peruvian Amazon

On June 5th 2009, an estimated thirty people died in a clash between governmental authorities and indigenous people near Bagua, Peru. Termed the Bagua Massacre, this event underscores the marginalized role of Indigenous Amazonians when confronting multinational commercial interests supported by the state (Shepard, 2009). The indigenous people were protesting the “Law of the Jungle,” Decree 1090, a 2009 decree assuming heavily-forested indigenous lands idle and unproductive, and providing the legal basis to privatize comunally-held forests to facilitate petroleum, biofuel, hydroelectric and logging projects. Since contact, the assumption of indigenous people unproductively managing their forested homelands has fueled colonization, deforestation, and the displacement of indigenous residents. Our research uses Global Positioning System receivers (GPS) and a Geographic Information System (GIS) to provide a snapshot of indigenous management of natural resources not only in their readily visible agricultural fields, but also beneath the forest canopy and within lakes and river courses.https://scholarship.richmond.edu/geography-posters/1007/thumbnail.jp

Staging Parkinson’s Disease According to the MNCD (Motor/Non-motor/Cognition/Dependency) Classification Correlates with Disease Severity and Quality of Life

Background: Recently, a novel simple classification called MNCD, based on 4 axes (Motor; Non-motor; Cognition; Dependency) and 5 stages, has been proposed to classify Parkinson's disease (PD). Objective: Our aim was to apply the MNCD classification in a cohort of PD patients for the first time and also to analyze the correlation with quality of life (QoL) and disease severity. Methods: Data from the baseline visit of PD patients recruited from 35 centers in Spain from the COPPADIS cohort from January 2016 to November 2017 were used to apply the MNCD classification. Three instruments were used to assess QoL: 1) the 39-item Parkinson's disease Questionnaire [PDQ-39]); PQ-10; the EUROHIS-QOL 8-item index (EUROHIS-QOL8). Results: Four hundred and thirty-nine PD patients (62.05 +/- 7.84 years old; 59% males) were included. MNCD stage was: stage 1, 8.4% (N = 37); stage 2, 62% (N = 272); stage 3, 28.2% (N = 124); stage 4-5, 1.4% (N = 6). A more advanced MNCD stage was associated with a higher score on the PDQ39SI (p < 0.0001) and a lower score on the PQ-10 (p < 0.0001) and EUROHIS-QOL8 (p < 0.0001). In many other aspects of the disease, such as disease duration, levodopa equivalent daily dose, motor symptoms, non-motor symptoms, and autonomy for activities of daily living, an association between the stage and severity was observed, with data indicating a progressive worsening related to disease progression throughout the proposed stages. Conclusion: Staging PD according to the MNCD classification correlated with QoL and disease severity. The MNCD could be a proper tool to monitor the progression of PD

Staging Parkinson’s Disease According to the MNCD (Motor/Non-motor/Cognition/Dependency) Classification Correlates with Disease Severity and Quality of Life

© 2023 – The authors. Published by IOS Press. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (CC BY-NC 4.0).Background: Recently, a novel simple classification called MNCD, based on 4 axes (Motor; Non-motor; Cognition; Dependency) and 5 stages, has been proposed to classify Parkinson's disease (PD).Objective: Our aim was to apply the MNCD classification in a cohort of PD patients for the first time and also to analyze the correlation with quality of life (QoL) and disease severity.Methods: Data from the baseline visit of PD patients recruited from 35 centers in Spain from the COPPADIS cohort fromJanuary 2016 to November 2017 were used to apply the MNCD classification. Three instruments were used to assess QoL:1) the 39-item Parkinson's disease Questionnaire [PDQ-39]); PQ-10; the EUROHIS-QOL 8-item index (EUROHIS-QOL8).Results: Four hundred and thirty-nine PD patients (62.05±7.84 years old; 59% males) were included. MNCD stage was:stage 1, 8.4% (N = 37); stage 2, 62% (N = 272); stage 3, 28.2% (N = 124); stage 4-5, 1.4% (N = 6). A more advancedMNCD stage was associated with a higher score on the PDQ39SI (p < 0.0001) and a lower score on the PQ-10 (p< 0.0001) and EUROHIS-QOL8 (p< 0.0001). In many other aspects of the disease, such as disease duration, levodopa equivalent daily dose, motor symptoms, non-motor symptoms, and autonomy for activities of daily living, an association between the stage and severity was observed, with data indicating a progressive worsening related to disease progression throughout the proposed stages.Conclusion: Staging PD according to the MNCD classification correlated with QoL and disease severity. The MNCD could be a proper tool to monitor the progression of PD.COPPADIS and the present study were developed with the help of Fundación Española de Ayuda a la Investigación en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas y/o de Origen Genético (https://fundaciondegen.org/) and Alpha Bioresearch (www.alphabioresearch.com). Also, we received grants from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness [PI16/01575] co-founded by ISCIII (Concesión de subvenciones de Proyectos de Investigación en Salud de la convocatoria 2020 de la Acción Estratégica en Salud 2017-2020 por el Proyecto “PROGRESION NO MOTORA E IMPACTO EN LA CALIDAD DE VIDA EN LA ENFERMEDAD DE PARKINSON”) to develop a part of the COPPADIS project.Peer reviewe

Niveles de fertilización con roca fosfórica en el rendimiento de biomasa y semilla en Centrosema macrocarpum

En Pucallpa, región Ucayali, en el km 4 de la carretera Federico Basadre, se desarrollo el experimento “Efecto de la fertilización con roca fosfórica en el rendimiento de biomasa y semilla en Centrosema macrocarpum”, con el objetivo de a) incrementar el rendimiento de biomasa y semilla en Centrosema macrocarpum, b) evaluación económica. Las variables evaluadas fueron: altura de planta, cobertura, biomasa, número de flores/ m2 y rendimiento de semilla. Los tratamientos en estudio fueron: T1 (testigo), T2 (50 kg/ha P2O5), T3 ( 100 kg/ha P2O5) y T4 (150 kg/ha P2O5); los tratamientos fueron distribuidos en el campo utilizando el DCA con tres repeticiones; se utilizó la prueba de promedios de Duncan para separar los promedios en las variables altura de planta y cobertura; y la prueba de polinomios ortogonales en las variables biomasa, número de flores por metro cuadrado y rendimiento de semilla. La altura y cobertura de centrosema, al establecimiento, no presentaron diferencias significativas; en biomasa, a 6 meses de establecido, y a dos meses de rebrote después del corte no se encontró diferencias significativas, los rendimientos promedios fueron de 4 592 kg/ha de MS y 2 298 kg/ha de MS para ambas etapas de vida de la planta respectivamente; si bien es cierto que la curva presenta una tendencia lineal sin embargo estas no son significativas. En rendimiento de semilla, los tratamientos con 150 y 100 kg/ha de P2O5, presentaron diferencias significativas con respecto a los demás tratamientos, con rendimientos de 93 y 87 kg/ha respectivamente; la curva de número de flores y rendimiento de semilla presentan una tendencia lineal altamente significativa. La evaluación económica determinó que los tratamientos con 100 y 150 kg/ha de P2O5 generaron utilidades de S/. 327.00 y 391.00 nuevos soles, respectivamente

Efecto de la fertilización orgánica en el rendimiento de biomasa y semillas de Stylosanthes guianensis en Pucallpa, Perú

En Pucallpa, región Ucayali, en el km 18 de la carretera Federico Basadre, se efectúo el experimento “Efecto de la fertilización orgánica en el rendimiento de biomasa y semillas de Stylosanthes guianennsis ”, los objetivos fueron: a) incrementar el rendimiento de biomasa y semillas en Stylosanthes guianensis, b) evaluación económica de la tecnología en estudio. Las variables evaluadas fueron: número de plantas por m2, altura de planta, cobertura (%), biomasa (MS kg/ha), número de flores por m2 y rendimiento de semilla (k/ha). Los tratamientos en estudio fueron: T1= Roca fosfórica, T2 = Humus, T3= Estiércol de vacuno, T4= Gallinaza, T5= Humus + roca fosfórica, T6= Estiércol de vacuno + roca fosfórica y T7= Gallinaza + roca fosfórica. Los tratamientos fueron distribuidos utilizando el diseño BCR con tres repeticiones; se utilizó la prueba de Duncan para separar los promedios. Los resultados muestran que el tratamiento T7= Gallinaza + roca fosfórica fue superior en la producción de biomasa a 4 y 5 meses de establecido con 2 426 y 4 032 kg/ha de MS respectivamente y a 2 meses de rebrote los tratamientos T7= Gallinaza + roca fosfórica y T4= Gallinaza con 1 365 y 1 296 kg/ha de MS, respectivamente superaron a los demás tratamientos. En rendimiento de semillas el tratamiento (gallinaza + roca fosfórica) con 86 kg/ha supero ligeramente a los demás tratamientos pero estadísticamente no hubo diferencias significativa. En la evaluación económica los tratamientos T7= Gallinaza + roca fosfórica. con S/. 1089.00 y T4= Gallinaza con S/. 989.00 presentaron las mejores utilidades económicas