Security on smart grid: denial of service attack study on the PLC PRIME standard

The "smartization" of our world brings obvious benefits but it also conveys great risks and an intelligent network for electricity distribution, as Smart Grid poses, needs a solid security infrastructure. The Internet of Things has proven itself useful in many ways but at the same time questionable security-wise, and the PRIME implementation of a Smart Grid infrastructure is no exception. The intrusion and malicious control of an electrical system could mean from the consumption reports being eavesdropped to perhaps the electrical service for an entire building being cut off. Following the study of the PRIME standard I will prove the existence of exploitable vulnerabilities in its most widespread implementation. Focusing on a Denial of Service attack design, these weaknesses will be shown dangerous when the attack is detailed for a real-life scenario of the network. With all this, I hope to shed light on some of the most critical points concerning this implementation of a technology with still potential for improvement as the Smart Grid itself.La "smartización"de nuestro mundo trae consigo beneficios obvios pero a su vez conlleva grandes riesgos y una red inteligente para distribución eléctrica, tal y como trae la Smart Grid, necesita una sólida infraestructura de seguridad. El Internet de las Cosas ha demostrado ser útil pero al mismo tiempo cuestionable en lo respectivo a la seguridad, y la implementación PRIME de Smart Grid no es una excepción. Las intrusiones y el control malicioso de un sistema eléctrico podría suponer desde el espionaje de informes de consumo hasta el corte de suministro eléctrico de un edificio entero. Siguiendo el estudio del estándar PRIME demostraré la existencia de vulnerabilidades explotables en su versión más extendida. Centrándome en el diseño de un ataque de Denegación de Servicio, estas debilidades se tornarán peligrosas cuando el ataque quede detallado en un escenario realista de la red Con todo esto, espero arrojar luz sobre algunos de los puntos críticos relativos a esta implementación de una tecnología con margen de mejora como es Smart Grid.Ingeniería en Tecnologías de Telecomunicació

El paradigma para investigar en ciencias de lo fiscal y lo económico

Discusión teórica al respecto del paradigma adecuado para el análisis de los temas fiscales y económicos

The hyperspace of non-cut subcontinua of graphs and dendrites

Given a continuum $X$, let $C(X)$ denote the hyperspace of all subcontinua of $X$. In this paper we study the Vietoris hyperspace $NC^{*}(X)=\{ A \in C(X):X\setminus A\text{ is connected}\}$ when $X$ is a finite graph or a dendrite; in particular, we give conditions under which $NC^{*}(X)$ is compact, connected, locally connected or totally disconnected. Also, we prove that if $X$ is a dendrite and the set of endpoints of $X$ is dense, then $NC^{*}(X)$ is homeomorphic to the Baire space of irrational numbers

Physics for philosophers: Relativity Principle, Inertial Law and faith in what is impossible.

AbstractAn attainable way to understand why we must reasonably doubt about a definite aspect of Albert Einstein´s geometric theory of gravitation, when he denies the character of force for gravity, is throughout the history of Relativity Principle and Inertial Law, from its postulation by Galileo Galilei, its rectification by Newton for the infinite space without resistance to movement, its transformation in the Special Theory of Relativity to receive the Constancy Principle of the Speed of Light, and its final role in the General Theory as a way to explain gravity by means of the solecurvature of space.Keywords: gravedad, inercia, movimiento, teoría, Lógica de la Representación.</p

Does inequality affect investment in a nonlinear way? : A Cross-Country Analysis

➢ This paper explores the relationship between inequality and investment based on a panel of 95 countries. ➢ This work contributes to the investment determinants literature because (i) it controls by a wide set of variables contrasting different theoretical approaches; (ii) it tests for a possible nonlinear relationship; and (iii) the sample includes advanced and developing countries. ➢ We find a "U-shape" relationship between inequality and investment. At low levels of initial inequality, an increase in inequality is associated with a lower investment; but at high levels of initial inequality, the relationship is positive. ➢ Given the high correlation between the wage share and income dispersion, policies of wage restriction increase inequality, thus generating lower investment and growth in countries with low or middle levels of initial inequality. ➢ With high levels of initial inequality, the result is the opposite, so it is possible, if such countries are open economies (i.e. “export-led”), that they can fall into a trap of high growth with high inequality, where only government policy can push the country to the other side of the “U.”This paper explores the relationship between inequality Imágenes and investment based on a panel of 95 countries. ➢ This work contributes to the investment determinants literature because (i) it controls by a wide set of variables contrasting different theoretical approaches; (ii) it tests for a possible nonlinear relationship; and (iii) the sample includes advanced and developing countries. ➢ We find a "U-shape" relationship between inequality and investment. At low levels of initial inequality, an increase in inequality is associated with a lower investment; but at high levels of initial inequality, the relationship is positive. ➢ Given the high correlation between the wage share and income dispersion, policies of wage restriction increase inequality, thus generating lower investment and growth in countries with low or middle levels of initial inequality. ➢ With high levels of initial inequality, the result is the opposite, so it is possible, if such countries are open economies (i.e. “export-led”), that they can fall into a trap of high growth with high inequality, where only government policy can push the country to the other side of the “U.”Facultad de Ciencias Económica

Public debt and inequality in a context of financial openness

This study analyzes the influence of inequality and financial internationalization on public indebtedness, by controlling for traditional determinants of public debt and using dynamic panel data estimators. The first two factors have shown many changes in the last two decades with a marked heterogeneity between different regions and countries, while the public debt has evidenced a generalized increasing trend. We assume that, in the context of greater access to financial markets, increasing inequality induce governments to issue more debt to offset the negative impact of inequality on the economic growth, the fiscal deficit and financial stability.Facultad de Ciencias Económica

Oral anticoagulation in elderly patients as secondary prevention of cardioembolic strokes

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Stroke incidence increases with age. Atrial fibrillation (AF) is an important risk factor for ischemic stroke and its incidence also increases with age. However oral anticoagulant therapy (OAT) tends to be underused in the elderly population.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Elderly patients (> = 80 years) with an ischemic stroke admitted in our department between 1/7/2003 and 31/6/2005 were prospectively evaluated. Baseline characteristics, risk factors, treatment and etiology according to TOAST criteria were recorded. Patients treated with OAT were followed up in order to assess any side effect and stroke recurrence. Mean follow-up was of 19.5 months (7-45) from discharge.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Sixty four out of a hundred and fifty nine elderly patients (40.25%) were classified as cardioembolic; mean age was 84.5 years (80-97) and 64.6% were women. AF had been previously identified in 60% of them (16.9% were on OAT and 40.6% on antiplatelet therapy). At discharge, 32 patients (49.2%) were on OAT. In the follow-up 4 patients (12.5%) suffered systemic haemorrhages (3 urinary, 1 gastrointestinal bleeding), with no change in their functional status. Mean INR in this group was 5.9 <abbrgrp><abbr bid="B3">3</abbr><abbr bid="B4">4</abbr><abbr bid="B5">5</abbr><abbr bid="B6">6</abbr><abbr bid="B7">7</abbr><abbr bid="B8">8</abbr><abbr bid="B9">9</abbr><abbr bid="B10">10</abbr><abbr bid="B11">11</abbr></abbrgrp> and, in 3 of them, OAT was cancelled. No brain haemorrhages were recorded. Ischemic stroke recurred in 4 patients (INR < 1.8 in 3 of them; the other, INR 2.35). Three patients had died at the end of the follow-up, one of them as a consequence of ischemic stroke recurrence.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>Twenty eight point eight of stroke patients admitted in the period of study were >80 years. The high proportion of cardioembolic strokes in this age segment contrasts with the general underuse of OAT as antithrombotic prophylaxis. Our study suggests that OAT is a safe strategy when carefully prescribed, even for elderly patients.</p

La detención en flagrancia por presunta autoría intelectual y su compatibilidad con la dogmática penal: análisis de la detención de Leónidas Iza por su presunta participación en el delito de paralización de servicios públicos

In this research work, the legal figure of the arrest in flagrante delicto motivated by the presumed mediate or intellectual authorship is analyzed. To do this, using the qualitative research method, and through the analysis of the case of Leonidas Iza Salazar, an Ecuadorian indigenous leader, detained due to the recent social protests unleashed in Ecuador, we will verify whether, in fact, the characteristics of criminal flagrancy, determined by the norm, doctrine and jurisprudence, are consistent with the criteria that criminal dogmatics has delimited regarding indirect authorship, in order to determine if the arrest and qualification of flagrante delicto under the figure of intellectual authorship is indeed viable of a crime.En este trabajo de investigación se analiza la institución jurídica de la detención en flagrancia y su aplicación en una presunta intervención criminal de autoría mediata o intelectual. Para ello, utilizando el método cualitativo de investigación, se propone el análisis del caso de Leónidas Iza Salazar, líder indígena ecuatoriano,&nbsp;quién, en el contexto de las últimas protestas contra el Gobierno ecuatoriano, fue detenido en flagrancia por presuntamente haber participado como autor intelectual del delito de paralización de servicios públicos. En consecuencia, conforme a un marco teórico de autoría mediata y delito flagrante determinadas&nbsp;por la norma, doctrina y jurisprudencia, constataremos si efectivamente, en el caso propuesto las actuaciones de las autoridades policiales y judiciales se compadecen con los criterios que la dogmática penal ha establecido, es decir, si respecto a la autoría mediata, resulta viable la detención y calificación de flagrancia.&nbsp