Les métarécits, le postmodernisme et le mythe postcolonial au Québec. Un point de vue de la « marge ».

Il existe des différences entre la postmodernité européenne (Lyotard, Kristeva, Scarpetta, Kibedi Varga) et américaine (Barth, Chabot, Hassan, Jameson) et les pratiques littéraires du postmoderne dans les cultures postcoloniales. Les théoricien(ne)s du postcolonialisme (Ashcroft, Brydon, Tiffin) dénoncent l'impérialisme euro-américain qui diffuse une attitude «angst» face au postmodernisme ahistorique. Les cultures en marge du discours postmoderne dominant produisent des oeuvres qui sont à la fois postmodernes et postcoloniales. Celles-ci sont marquées par un intérêt pour la politique, la révision de l'Histoire événementielle et un scepticisme historique face aux «métarécits». Ces différences sont illustrées par la comparaison du mythe de Louis-Joseph Papineau au Québec (Godbout, de Lamirande) avec celui de Robinson Crusoé en France (Tournier).There are differences between the postmodernism discussed in Europe (Lyotard, Kristeva, Scarpetta, Kibédi Varga), the United States (Barth, Chabot, Hassan, Jameson) and that practiced in postcolonial (or "post-european") cultures. Euro-american postmodernism is frequently seen as a historical and apocalyptic, producing works which embody a fin-de-siècle angst. Postcolonial theorists (Ashcroft, Brydon, Tiffin) decry the imperial influence of Euro-american postmodernism. Postmodern works from postcolonial cultures differ from those of the dominant ideological/literary discourse: they foreground political concerns and revisions of History which convey a historical scepticism toward "master-narratives". These differences are illustrated through a comparative study of the myths of Louis-Joseph Papineau (Godbout, de Lamirande) and of Robinson Crusoe (Tournier)

Un Paradis perdu. Restaurer ou les effets de l'intervention humaine sur le cours du temps – à propos de quelques réalités monumentales (France, Cambodge)

Les interventions sur les monuments anciens en milieu rural gagneront à être plus « légères » qu’en milieu urbain, dès lors que la part du temps est prise en considération. En France comme au Cambodge, toute restauration complète appelle d’autres travaux à un rythme plus rapproché, plus difficiles d’exécution, plus importants en moyens et plus impactants sur les architectures et sculptures. Entre le XIIe et le XIXe siècle, les maçonneries des églises romanes d’Auvergne ont été peu entretenues, mais l’épiderme des matériaux de construction a globalement bien tenu. Un siècle après les restaurations du XIXe siècle, du fait de l’utilisation des ciments durs et de matériaux exogènes, la dégradation des parties restaurées et non restaurées impose de nouvelles interventions rapprochées dans le temps, alors que la première période n’avait connu aucune grande phase de restauration, l’entretien seul ayant suffi.La déforestation est quant à elle la principale cause de la dégradation accélérée des maçonneries assemblées à sec des temples khmers, mais on tirera une leçon utile de l’exemple du temple de Ta Prohm à Angkor qui conserve son couvert forestier protecteur. Dès lors que l’exubérance de la végétation est contrôlée, au Cambodge comme en France, un édifice ancien supporte aisément la présence de mousses, lichens et cyanobactéries, voire de graminées, qui enveloppent le site dans un biofilm protecteur. À l’inverse, chaque restauration ou nettoyage déclenche l’installation rapide d’organismes jeunes plus agressifs que les organismes âgés vivant au ralenti et finissant par former une « biopatine » protectrice. Face aux bouleversements industriels, le XIXe siècle a restauré ses édifices emblématiques. Notre siècle doit probablement conserver de manière raisonnée des références monumentales synonymes d’une lente disparition. Pourtant un édifice ayant subi de multiples interventions se corrigeant les unes les autres, produit d’une économie de loisirs, ne produira jamais l’émotion d’une ruine discrètement entretenue dans laquelle il est possible de se perdre, en dehors de tout itinéraire balisé et de toute proposition pédagogique. Le « réensauvagement » de sites ruraux est donc un enjeu qui dépasse « l’absolue nécessité », en réalité toute relative des restaurations.Interventions on ancient monuments in rural areas will benefit from being "lighter" than in urban areas, as long as the time issue is taken into account. In France as in Cambodia, any complete restoration calls for other works at a closer pace, more difficult to carry out, more important in terms of resources and more impacting on architectures and sculptures. Between the 12th and the 19th century, the masonry of Romanesque churches in Auvergne was poorly maintained, but the building materials epidermis has generally held up quite well. A century and a half after the 19th century restorations, due to using hard cements and exogenous materials, degradation of the restored and unrestored parts requires new close in time interventions, whereas the first period had not seen any major restoration phase, maintenance alone did suffice.Deforestation is the main cause of the accelerated degradation of dry-assembled masonry of Khmer temples, but a useful lesson will be learned from the example of Ta Prohm temple in Angkor which retains its protective forest cover. As soon as the vegetation exuberance is controlled, in Cambodia as in France, an old building easily supports the presence of mosses, lichens and cyanobacteria, even grasses, which envelop the site in a protective biofilm. Conversely, each restoration or cleaning triggers the rapid installation of young organisms that are more aggressive than older organisms living in slow motion and eventually forming a protective “biopatin”. Faced with industrial upheavals, the 19th century restored its iconic monuments. Our century must probably preserve in a reasoned way monumental references reflecting a slow disappearance. However, a building that has undergone multiple interventions correcting each other, in a leisure economy, will never produce the emotion of a discreetly maintained ruin in which on can get lost, apart from any marked route and any educational proposal. Rural sites “going back to the wild” is therefore an issue that goes beyond the restorations “absolute – actually all relative – necessity”

Altered Cortisol Metabolism Increases Nocturnal Cortisol Bioavailability in Prepubertal Children With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

ObjectiveDisturbances in the activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis could lead to functional alterations in the brain of diabetes patients. In a later perspective of investigating the link between the activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and the developing brain in children with diabetes, we assessed here nocturnal cortisol metabolism in prepubertal children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).MethodsPrepubertal patients (aged 6–12 years) diagnosed with T1DM at least 1 year previously were recruited, along with matched controls. Nocturnal urine samples were collected, with saliva samples taken at awakening and 30 minutes after awakening. All samples were collected at home over 5 consecutive days with no detectable nocturnal hypoglycaemia. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (trait scale only) and Child Depression Inventory were also completed. Glucocorticoid metabolites in the urine, salivary cortisol (sF) and cortisone (sE) were measured by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Metabolic data were analysed by logistic regression, adjusting for sex, age, BMI and trait anxiety score.ResultsUrine glucocorticoid metabolites were significantly lower in T1DM patients compared to controls. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 activity was significantly higher, while 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2, 5(α+β)-reductase and 5α-reductase levels were all lower, in T1DM patients compared to controls. There was a significant group difference in delta sE level but not in delta sF level between the time of awakening and 30 minutes thereafter.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that altered nocturnal cortisol metabolism and morning HPA axis hyperactivity in children with T1DM leads to greater cortisol bioavailability and lower cortisol production as a compensatory effect. This altered nocturnal glucocorticoid metabolism when cortisol production is physiologically reduced and this HPA axis hyperactivity question their impact on brain functioning

Modification of macroporous titanium tracheal implants with biodegradable structures: tracking in vivo integration for determination of optimal in situ epithelialization conditions.

Previously, we showed that macroporous titanium implants, colonized in vivo together with an epithelial graft, are viable options for tracheal replacement in sheep. To decrease the number of operating steps, biomaterial-based replacements for epithelial graft and intramuscular implantation were developed in the present study. Hybrid microporous PLLA/titanium tracheal implants were designed to decrease initial stenosis and provide a surface for epithelialization. They have been implanted in New Zealand white rabbits as tracheal substitutes and compared to intramuscular implantation samples. Moreover, a basement membrane like coating of the implant surface was also designed by Layer-by-Layer (LbL) method with collagen and alginate. The results showed that the commencement of stenosis can be prevented by the microporous PLLA. For determination of the optimum time point of epithelialization after implantation, HPLC analysis of blood samples, C-reactive protein (CRP), and Chromogranin A (CGA) analyses and histology were carried out. Following 3 weeks the implant would be ready for epithelialization with respect to the amount of tissue integration. Calcein-AM labeled epithelial cell seeding showed that after 3 weeks implant surfaces were suitable for their attachment. CRP readings were steady after an initial rise in the first week. Cross-linked collagen/alginate structures show nanofibrillarity and they form uniform films over the implant surfaces without damaging the microporosity of the PLLA body. Human respiratory epithelial cells proliferated and migrated on these surfaces which provided a better alternative to PLLA film surface. In conclusion, collagen/alginate LbL coated hybrid PLLA/titanium implants are viable options for tracheal replacement, together with in situ epithelialization.journal articleresearch support, non-u.s. gov't2012 Aug2012 03 02importe

Willingness to use and distribute HIV self-test kits to clients and partners: a qualitative analysis of female sex workers' collective opinion and attitude in Cote d'Ivoire, Mali, and Senegal

Background: In West Africa, female sex workers are at increased risk of HIV acquisition and transmission. HIV self-testing could be an effective tool to improve access to and frequency of HIV testing to female sex workers, their clients and partners. This article explores their perceptions regarding HIV self-testing use and the redistribution of HIV self-testing kits to their partners and clients. Methods: Embedded within ATLAS, a qualitative study was conducted in Côte-d’Ivoire, Mali, and Senegal in 2020. Nine focus group discussions were conducted. A thematic analysis was performed. Results: A total of 87 participants expressed both positive attitudes toward HIV self-testing and their willingness to use or reuse HIV self-testing. HIV self-testing was perceived to be discreet, confidential, and convenient. HIV self-testing provides autonomy from testing by providers and reduces stigma. Some perceived HIV self-testing as a valuable tool for testing their clients who are willing to offer a premium for condomless sex. While highlighting some potential issues, overall, female sex workers were optimistic about linkage to confirmatory testing following a reactive HIV self-testing. Female sex workers expressed positive attitudes toward secondary distribution to their partners and clients, although it depended on relationship types. They seemed more enthusiastic about secondary distribution to their regular/emotional partners and regular clients with whom they had difficulty using condoms, and whom they knew enough to discuss HIV self-testing. However, they expressed that it could be more difficult with casual clients; the duration of the interaction being too short to discuss HIV self-testing, and they fear violence and/or losing them. Conclusion: Overall, female sex workers have positive attitudes toward HIV self-testing use and are willing to redistribute to their regular partners and clients. However, they are reluctant to promote such use with their casual clients. HIV self-testing can improve access to HIV testing for female sex workers and the members of their sexual and social network

Effect of Hydrocortisone on Mortality and Organ Support in Patients With Severe COVID-19: The REMAP-CAP COVID-19 Corticosteroid Domain Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Evidence regarding corticosteroid use for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is limited. Objective: To determine whether hydrocortisone improves outcome for patients with severe COVID-19. Design, Setting, and Participants: An ongoing adaptive platform trial testing multiple interventions within multiple therapeutic domains, for example, antiviral agents, corticosteroids, or immunoglobulin. Between March 9 and June 17, 2020, 614 adult patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 were enrolled and randomized within at least 1 domain following admission to an intensive care unit (ICU) for respiratory or cardiovascular organ support at 121 sites in 8 countries. Of these, 403 were randomized to open-label interventions within the corticosteroid domain. The domain was halted after results from another trial were released. Follow-up ended August 12, 2020. Interventions: The corticosteroid domain randomized participants to a fixed 7-day course of intravenous hydrocortisone (50 mg or 100 mg every 6 hours) (n = 143), a shock-dependent course (50 mg every 6 hours when shock was clinically evident) (n = 152), or no hydrocortisone (n = 108). Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary end point was organ support-free days (days alive and free of ICU-based respiratory or cardiovascular support) within 21 days, where patients who died were assigned -1 day. The primary analysis was a bayesian cumulative logistic model that included all patients enrolled with severe COVID-19, adjusting for age, sex, site, region, time, assignment to interventions within other domains, and domain and intervention eligibility. Superiority was defined as the posterior probability of an odds ratio greater than 1 (threshold for trial conclusion of superiority >99%). Results: After excluding 19 participants who withdrew consent, there were 384 patients (mean age, 60 years; 29% female) randomized to the fixed-dose (n = 137), shock-dependent (n = 146), and no (n = 101) hydrocortisone groups; 379 (99%) completed the study and were included in the analysis. The mean age for the 3 groups ranged between 59.5 and 60.4 years; most patients were male (range, 70.6%-71.5%); mean body mass index ranged between 29.7 and 30.9; and patients receiving mechanical ventilation ranged between 50.0% and 63.5%. For the fixed-dose, shock-dependent, and no hydrocortisone groups, respectively, the median organ support-free days were 0 (IQR, -1 to 15), 0 (IQR, -1 to 13), and 0 (-1 to 11) days (composed of 30%, 26%, and 33% mortality rates and 11.5, 9.5, and 6 median organ support-free days among survivors). The median adjusted odds ratio and bayesian probability of superiority were 1.43 (95% credible interval, 0.91-2.27) and 93% for fixed-dose hydrocortisone, respectively, and were 1.22 (95% credible interval, 0.76-1.94) and 80% for shock-dependent hydrocortisone compared with no hydrocortisone. Serious adverse events were reported in 4 (3%), 5 (3%), and 1 (1%) patients in the fixed-dose, shock-dependent, and no hydrocortisone groups, respectively. Conclusions and Relevance: Among patients with severe COVID-19, treatment with a 7-day fixed-dose course of hydrocortisone or shock-dependent dosing of hydrocortisone, compared with no hydrocortisone, resulted in 93% and 80% probabilities of superiority with regard to the odds of improvement in organ support-free days within 21 days. However, the trial was stopped early and no treatment strategy met prespecified criteria for statistical superiority, precluding definitive conclusions. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02735707

Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker initiation on organ support-free days in patients hospitalized with COVID-19

IMPORTANCE Overactivation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) may contribute to poor clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Objective To determine whether angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) initiation improves outcomes in patients hospitalized for COVID-19. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In an ongoing, adaptive platform randomized clinical trial, 721 critically ill and 58 non–critically ill hospitalized adults were randomized to receive an RAS inhibitor or control between March 16, 2021, and February 25, 2022, at 69 sites in 7 countries (final follow-up on June 1, 2022). INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized to receive open-label initiation of an ACE inhibitor (n = 257), ARB (n = 248), ARB in combination with DMX-200 (a chemokine receptor-2 inhibitor; n = 10), or no RAS inhibitor (control; n = 264) for up to 10 days. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was organ support–free days, a composite of hospital survival and days alive without cardiovascular or respiratory organ support through 21 days. The primary analysis was a bayesian cumulative logistic model. Odds ratios (ORs) greater than 1 represent improved outcomes. RESULTS On February 25, 2022, enrollment was discontinued due to safety concerns. Among 679 critically ill patients with available primary outcome data, the median age was 56 years and 239 participants (35.2%) were women. Median (IQR) organ support–free days among critically ill patients was 10 (–1 to 16) in the ACE inhibitor group (n = 231), 8 (–1 to 17) in the ARB group (n = 217), and 12 (0 to 17) in the control group (n = 231) (median adjusted odds ratios of 0.77 [95% bayesian credible interval, 0.58-1.06] for improvement for ACE inhibitor and 0.76 [95% credible interval, 0.56-1.05] for ARB compared with control). The posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitors and ARBs worsened organ support–free days compared with control were 94.9% and 95.4%, respectively. Hospital survival occurred in 166 of 231 critically ill participants (71.9%) in the ACE inhibitor group, 152 of 217 (70.0%) in the ARB group, and 182 of 231 (78.8%) in the control group (posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitor and ARB worsened hospital survival compared with control were 95.3% and 98.1%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this trial, among critically ill adults with COVID-19, initiation of an ACE inhibitor or ARB did not improve, and likely worsened, clinical outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT0273570

Memory, Myth and Postmodernism: Pierre Nepveu’s 'Des Mondes peu habités'/'Still Lives'

This research was first presented as a work-in-progress paper to the international conference ‘Memory, Memorial, Memorializing’ hosted by LCMND (Linguistic Circle of Manitoba and North Dakota), The University of North Dakota, Fargo, N.D., USA, in September 2007. It was then revised for a presentation entitled ‘Cultural Memory, Gender, Knowledge: Pierre Nepveu’s Des Mondes peu habites/Still Lives,’ presented to the Canadian Comparative Literature Association, International Congress, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, May 2008

L’ethos communicatif et l’articulation des cultures éducatives en classe de FLE : identification, influences et adaptations

Interculturality, inherent in foreign language classes, represents an important issue in the teaching and learning process. Indeed, various socio-pragmatic misunderstandings caused by different communicative norms take place in the classroom implicitly or explicitly, thus influencing the emotions and imaginations of present interactants. The research presented here tends to identify these phenomena as partly related to communicative ethos’s conflicts. Within the framework of this study is the question of distinguishing the characteristics of certain ethos at work among learners present in these classes. Didactic by nature, this research is also influenced by various fields such as sociolinguistics, anthropology and intercultural pragmatics. In a pandemic context, this study adopted a comprehensive approach resulting in a methodology based on the administration of questionnaires and semi-directed interviews with two distinct audiences. The first group was composed by students of different nationalities, learning French at the Institute of French Language and Cultures (ILCF) in Lyon. The second group consisted of Malaysian students, studying at the University of Franche-Comté (in Besançon) as part of a training program for future French teachers. This survey revealed many personal experiences lived by these learners, including — for the most part — incomprehension or misunderstandings of a socio-pragmatic nature. This study shows the importance of representations amongst them and their link with their communicative ethos. If major trends were thus able to emerge among the heterogeneous public of the ILCF, other more precise ones were hence revealed among the Malaysian public of the UFC through this study. This research highlights the importance of the ethos concept in intercultural approaches, and more particularly in those practiced within the FFL class. Thus, this thesis brings a more global reflection on the place occupied by interculturality as an object of study in the FFL class and proposes some avenues for remediation in the hope of improving support for students in academic mobility.L’interculturalité, inhérente aux classes de langues étrangères, représente un enjeu important dans l’enseignement/apprentissage. En effet, divers malentendus socio-pragmatiques relevant de normes communicatives différentes s’y déroulent implicitement ou explicitement, influençant ainsi les émotions et imaginaires des interactants en présence. La recherche présentée a pour objectif d’identifier ces phénomènes, en partie liés à des conflits d’ethos communicatif. Dans le cadre de cette étude, il s’agit alors de distinguer les caractéristiques de certains ethè en vigueur auprès d’apprenants présents dans ces classes. De nature didactique, cette recherche est également influencée par divers domaines tels que la sociolinguistique, l’anthropologie et la pragmatique interculturelle. En contexte pandémique, cette étude a adopté une démarche compréhensive se traduisant par une méthodologie basée sur de la passation de questionnaires et d’entretiens semi-dirigés auprès de deux publics distincts. Le premier groupe est constitué d’étudiants de différentes nationalités apprenant le français à l’Institut de Langue et de Culture Françaises (ILCF) de Lyon. Le second groupe est composé d’étudiants malaisiens, présents à l’Université de Franche-Comté (Besançon) dans le cadre d’un programme de formation pour futurs professeurs de français. Cette enquête a révélé de nombreuses expériences individuelles vécues par ces apprenants, comprenant pour la plupart des incompréhensions ou des malentendus de nature socio-pragmatique. Elle a démontré chez eux l’importance des représentations et leur lien avec leur ethos communicatif. Si de grandes tendances ont ainsi pu se dégager auprès du public hétérogène de l’ILCF, d’autres, plus précises ont été révélées chez le public malaisien de l’UFC. Cette recherche permet alors de mettre en évidence l’importance du concept d’ethos dans les approches interculturelles, et plus particulièrement dans celles pratiquées au sein de la classe de FLE. Ainsi, cette thèse apporte une réflexion plus globale sur la place qu’occupe l’interculturalité comme objet d’étude en classe de FLE, et propose quelques pistes de remédiation, dans l’espoir d’améliorer l’accompagnement des étudiants en mobilité académique

The communicative ethos and the articulation of educational cultures in French as a Foreign Language classrooms : identification, influences and adaptations

L’interculturalité, inhérente aux classes de langues étrangères, représente un enjeu important dans l’enseignement/apprentissage. En effet, divers malentendus socio-pragmatiques relevant de normes communicatives différentes s’y déroulent implicitement ou explicitement, influençant ainsi les émotions et imaginaires des interactants en présence. La recherche présentée a pour objectif d’identifier ces phénomènes, en partie liés à des conflits d’ethos communicatif. Dans le cadre de cette étude, il s’agit alors de distinguer les caractéristiques de certains ethè en vigueur auprès d’apprenants présents dans ces classes. De nature didactique, cette recherche est également influencée par divers domaines tels que la sociolinguistique, l’anthropologie et la pragmatique interculturelle. En contexte pandémique, cette étude a adopté une démarche compréhensive se traduisant par une méthodologie basée sur de la passation de questionnaires et d’entretiens semi-dirigés auprès de deux publics distincts. Le premier groupe est constitué d’étudiants de différentes nationalités apprenant le français à l’Institut de Langue et de Culture Françaises (ILCF) de Lyon. Le second groupe est composé d’étudiants malaisiens, présents à l’Université de Franche-Comté (Besançon) dans le cadre d’un programme de formation pour futurs professeurs de français. Cette enquête a révélé de nombreuses expériences individuelles vécues par ces apprenants, comprenant pour la plupart des incompréhensions ou des malentendus de nature socio-pragmatique. Elle a démontré chez eux l’importance des représentations et leur lien avec leur ethos communicatif. Si de grandes tendances ont ainsi pu se dégager auprès du public hétérogène de l’ILCF, d’autres, plus précises ont été révélées chez le public malaisien de l’UFC. Cette recherche permet alors de mettre en évidence l’importance du concept d’ethos dans les approches interculturelles, et plus particulièrement dans celles pratiquées au sein de la classe de FLE. Ainsi, cette thèse apporte une réflexion plus globale sur la place qu’occupe l’interculturalité comme objet d’étude en classe de FLE, et propose quelques pistes de remédiation, dans l’espoir d’améliorer l’accompagnement des étudiants en mobilité académique.Interculturality, inherent in foreign language classes, represents an important issue in the teaching and learning process. Indeed, various socio-pragmatic misunderstandings caused by different communicative norms take place in the classroom implicitly or explicitly, thus influencing the emotions and imaginations of present interactants. The research presented here tends to identify these phenomena as partly related to communicative ethos’s conflicts. Within the framework of this study is the question of distinguishing the characteristics of certain ethos at work among learners present in these classes. Didactic by nature, this research is also influenced by various fields such as sociolinguistics, anthropology and intercultural pragmatics. In a pandemic context, this study adopted a comprehensive approach resulting in a methodology based on the administration of questionnaires and semi-directed interviews with two distinct audiences. The first group was composed by students of different nationalities, learning French at the Institute of French Language and Cultures (ILCF) in Lyon. The second group consisted of Malaysian students, studying at the University of Franche-Comté (in Besançon) as part of a training program for future French teachers. This survey revealed many personal experiences lived by these learners, including — for the most part — incomprehension or misunderstandings of a socio-pragmatic nature. This study shows the importance of representations amongst them and their link with their communicative ethos. If major trends were thus able to emerge among the heterogeneous public of the ILCF, other more precise ones were hence revealed among the Malaysian public of the UFC through this study. This research highlights the importance of the ethos concept in intercultural approaches, and more particularly in those practiced within the FFL class. Thus, this thesis brings a more global reflection on the place occupied by interculturality as an object of study in the FFL class and proposes some avenues for remediation in the hope of improving support for students in academic mobility