Note sur la structure du virus de la peste des petits ruminants

L'étude de la structure du virus PPR en coloration négative montre sa ressemblance avec le virus bovipestique et le virus morbilleux. Il est formé d'une enveloppe hérissée de projections et d'un filament interne à symétrie hélicoïdale représentant la nucléocapside. Cependant, la taille des particules est plus grande que celle du virus bovipestique

Candida albicans colonization and dissemination from the murine gastrointestinal tract : the influence of morphology and Th17 immunity

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This work was supported by the Wellcome Trust (086558, 080088, 102705), a Wellcome Trust Strategic Award (097377) and a studentship from the University of Aberdeen. D.K. was supported by grant 5R01AI083344 from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and by a Voelcker Young Investigator Award from the Max and Minnie Tomerlin Voelcker Fund.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Fungal Chitin Dampens Inflammation through IL-10 Induction Mediated by NOD2 and TLR9 Activation

Funding: JW and NARG thank the Wellcome Trust (080088, 086827, 075470), The Wellcome Trust Strategic Award in Medical Mycology and Fungal Immunology (097377) and the European Union ALLFUN (FP7/2007 2013, HEALTH-2010-260338) for funding. MGN was supported by a Vici grant of the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research. AJPB and DMM were funded by STRIFE, ERC-2009-AdG-249793 and AJPB additionally by FINSysB, PITN-GA-2008-214004 and the BBSRC [BB/F00513X/1]. MDL was supported by the MRC (MR/J008230/1). GDB and SV were funded by the Wellcome Trust (086558) and TB and MK were funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Bi 696/3-1; Bi 696/5-2; Bi 696/10-1). MS was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Sch 897/1-3) and the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (R01 DE017514-01). TDK and RKSM were funded by the National Institute of Health (AR056296, AI101935) and the American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities (ALSAC). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Correlation between the Extraordinary Hall Effect and Resistivity

We study the contribution of different types of scattering sources to the extraordinary Hall effect. Scattering by magnetic nano-particles embedded in normal-metal matrix, insulating impurities in magnetic matrix, surface scattering and temperature dependent scattering are experimentally tested. Our new data, as well as previously published results on a variety of materials, are fairly interpreted by a simple modification of the skew scattering model

Mise en place de la réglementation issue du décret du 11 décembre 2007 pour les digues maritimes des départements côtiers de la Manche et de Bretagne : état d'avancement, exemples marquants et perspectives

Colloque National Digues Maritimes et Fluviales de Protection contre les Submersions, Aix-en-Provence, FRA, 12-/06/2013 - 14/06/2013National audienceIn France, a national Decree signed on the 11th of December 2007 has significantly strengthened the safety obligations of the fluvial and coastal dike owners. In February 2010, the Xynthia catastrophic storm resulted in an increased awareness of those working on coastal dikes whether they are owners - such as local authorities, owners syndicate ... - or State control authorities.Furthermore, the importance of the French Flash Flood Prevention Program is growing and the first grants for the dike reinforcement have been issued.In this context, three specialized teams of the "regional directions for the environment " (ie the regional level of the French state administration responsible for the control of dike safety) working on the coastline of the English Channel (ie “La Manche”) present in this paper:• a quick overlook of the inventory of coastal and river dikes;• the feedback of the damage caused by the Xynthia storm in the French region of Calvados;• the state-of-progress of the implementation of the regulations created by the 2007 Decree;• Some examples of dike owners who partnered up in order to conduct assessment survey on their embankment system or to realize dikereinforcement work.Le décret de décembre 2007 a significativement renforcé les prescriptions de sécurité s'appliquant aux responsables des digues de protection contre les submersions d'origine fluviale et/ou maritime.La tempête catastrophique Xynthia de février 2010 a sensibilisé de nombreux acteurs agissant dans le domaine des digues de défense maritime - que ceux-ci relèvent de la Maîtrise d'Ouvrage (collectivités territoriales etassociations de défense contre la mer, pour l'essentiel) comme de la mission de Contrôle (DDTM puis DREAL) - pour une mise en oeuvre efficace et pragmatique de cette réglementation. Enfin, le Plan de lutte contre lesSubmersions rapides monte en puissance avec la labellisation des premiers dossiers de travaux de confortement.Dans ce contexte, plusieurs services de DREAL intervenant dans les départements côtiers de la Manche et de Bretagne s'associent pour proposer la présente communication qui vise à :• dresser un rapide état des lieux du recensement et du classement des digues de front de mer ou de cours d'eau sous influence maritime sur ces côtes, dans lesquelles sont parfois englobés des éléments naturels tels que des cordons dunaires ;• rapporter le retour d'expérience suite à la tempête Xynthia et les dégâts qu'elle a causés sur les digues du département du Calvados ;• préciser l'avancement de la mise oeuvre du décret de 2007 ;• présenter quelques exemples de mutualisation et de regroupement de la maîtrise d'ouvrage pour la conduite des études à l'échelle de systèmesd'endiguement ainsi que pour la réalisation de travaux

eDNA metabarcoding biodiversity of freshwater fish in the Alpine area

Environmental DNA (eDNA) based methods are proving to be a promising tool for freshwater fish biodiversity assessment in Europe within the Water Framework Directive (WFD, 2000/60/EC) especially for large rivers and lakes where current fish monitoring techniques have known shortcomings. Many freshwater fish are experiencing critical population declines with risk of local or global extinction because of intense anthropogenic pressure and this can have serious consequences on freshwater ecosystem functioning and diversity. Within the EU project Eco-AlpsWater, advanced high throughput sequencing (HTS) techniques are used to improve the traditional WFD monitoring approaches by using environmental DNA (eDNA) collected in Alpine waterbodies. An eDNA metabarcoding approach specifically designed to measure freshwater fish biodiversity in Alpine lakes and rivers has been extensively evaluated by using mock samples within an intercalibration test. This eDNA method was validated and used to study fish biodiversity of eight lakes and six rivers of the Alpine region including four EC countries (Austria, France, Italy, Slovenia) and Switzerland. More in detail, this metabarcoding approach, based on HTS sequencing of a section of the 12S rRNA gene, was used to assess freshwater fish biodiversity and their distribution in the different habitats. These data represent the first attempt to provide a comprehensive description of freshwater fish diversity in different ecosystems of the Alpine area confirming the applicability of eDNA metabarcoding analyses for the biomonitoring of fish inhabiting Alpine and perialpine lakes and rivers

Modification of macroporous titanium tracheal implants with biodegradable structures: tracking in vivo integration for determination of optimal in situ epithelialization conditions.

Previously, we showed that macroporous titanium implants, colonized in vivo together with an epithelial graft, are viable options for tracheal replacement in sheep. To decrease the number of operating steps, biomaterial-based replacements for epithelial graft and intramuscular implantation were developed in the present study. Hybrid microporous PLLA/titanium tracheal implants were designed to decrease initial stenosis and provide a surface for epithelialization. They have been implanted in New Zealand white rabbits as tracheal substitutes and compared to intramuscular implantation samples. Moreover, a basement membrane like coating of the implant surface was also designed by Layer-by-Layer (LbL) method with collagen and alginate. The results showed that the commencement of stenosis can be prevented by the microporous PLLA. For determination of the optimum time point of epithelialization after implantation, HPLC analysis of blood samples, C-reactive protein (CRP), and Chromogranin A (CGA) analyses and histology were carried out. Following 3 weeks the implant would be ready for epithelialization with respect to the amount of tissue integration. Calcein-AM labeled epithelial cell seeding showed that after 3 weeks implant surfaces were suitable for their attachment. CRP readings were steady after an initial rise in the first week. Cross-linked collagen/alginate structures show nanofibrillarity and they form uniform films over the implant surfaces without damaging the microporosity of the PLLA body. Human respiratory epithelial cells proliferated and migrated on these surfaces which provided a better alternative to PLLA film surface. In conclusion, collagen/alginate LbL coated hybrid PLLA/titanium implants are viable options for tracheal replacement, together with in situ epithelialization.journal articleresearch support, non-u.s. gov't2012 Aug2012 03 02importe

A hillslope-scale aquifer-model to determine past agricultural legacy and future nitrate concentrations in rivers

The long-term fate of agricultural nitrate depends on rapid subsurface transfer, denitrification and storage in aquifers. Quantifying these processes remains an issue due to time varying subsurface contribution, unknown aquifer storage and heterogeneous denitrification potential. Here, we develop a parsimonious modelling approach that uses long-term discharge and river nitrate concentration time-series combined with groundwater age data determined from chlorofluorocarbons in springs and boreholes. To leverage their informational content, we use a Boussinesq-type equivalent hillslope model to capture the dynamics of aquifer flows and evolving surface and subsurface contribution to rivers. Nitrate transport was modelled with a depth-resolved high-order finite-difference method and denitrification by a first-order law. We applied the method to three heavily nitrate loaded catchments of a crystalline temperate region of France (Brittany). We found that mean water transit time ranged 10–32 years and Damköhler ratio (transit time/denitrification time) ranged 0.12–0.55, leading to limited denitrification in the aquifer (10–20%). The long-term trajectory of nitrate concentration in rivers appears determined by flows stratification in the aquifer. The results suggest that autotrophic denitrification is controlled by the accessibility of reduced minerals which occurs at the base of the aquifer where flows decrease. One interpretation is that denitrification might be an interfacial process in zones that are weathered enough to transmit flows and not too weathered to have remaining accessible reduced minerals. Consequently, denitrification would not be controlled by the total aquifer volume and related mean transit time but by the proximity of the active weathered interface with the water table. This should be confirmed by complementary studies to which the developed methodology might be further deployed