Revisión del proceso de evaluación y seguimiento del Proyecto Terminal de Contenedores de Buenaventura TCBUEN S.A . Aportes de mejora en la planificación, decisión y evaluación ambiental de proyectos portuarios en Colombia

Se realizó una revisión documental para generar un análisis de los procesos de evaluación y seguimiento ambiental llevado a cabo en proyectos portuarios en Colombia, tomando de base y caso práctico la fase I del Proyecto Terminal de Contenedores de Buenaventura TC BUEN S.A . como un aporte para el mejoramiento de los procesos de las licencias ambientales. Durante el otorgamiento de la licencia ambiental de TCBUEN S.A, el proceso de la evaluación de impacto ambiental fue el principal requisito y como resultado de esta evaluación, se obliga a adelantar el seguimiento de las actividades del proyecto para prever, evitar, minimizar o compensar los efectos biofísicos, sociales u otros adversos durante su desarrollo, y para determinar si la toma de decisiones y la realización del proyecto es o no aceptable ambientalmente

Preparation of zinc oxide and poly-ethylene oxide composite membranes and their phase relationship

Zinc oxide and organic polymer (poly-ethylene oxide) based nanocomposite membranes were prepared and their phase relationship investigated. The composites were characterized by XRD, Raman scattering, DSC, and impedance spectroscopy analysis. It was found that embedding inorganic nanoparticles of ZnO into the polymer matrix of PEO allowed for some crystallinity formation, and cross-linking of the polymer composites during annealing or synthesis. The XRD and Raman scattering results show more defined peaks assigned to each phase of the composite as the ZnO content increases from 0 to 30% weight ratio, thus indicating that ceramic filler remain in the semi-crystalline polymer matrix as a separate crystalline phase. The dc-electrical conductivity increases by two or three orders of magnitude from blank (organic phase only) (~10-6 Scm-1 ) to the 30 % wt. ZnO composite membrane (~10-4 Scm-1 ). Electrical conduction changed as a function of temperature with an Arrhenius-type behavior

Synthesis and Effect of CaTiO3 formation in CaO·Al2O3 by Solid-State Reaction from CaCO3· Al2O3 and Ti

CaO⋅Al2O3/CaTiO3 material was synthesized by a solid-state reaction. The effects of CaTiO3 formed into the CaO⋅Al2O3 during the synthesized process on the microstructure and mechanical properties were studied. CaCO3 was obtained from snail shells, Al2O3, and Ti powders were employed as a raw material. A chemical system with a 1:1 M ratio between CaCO3 and Al2O3 was formed, with an addition of 10 wt% Ti metallic particles. The microstructural analysis through optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction was realized. The apparent density was determined by the Archimedes method, and the mechanical behavior (hardness, fracture toughness, and transversal elastic modulus) were also determined. XRD analysis revealed the formation of calcium aluminate phases such as CaAl2O4, CaAl4O7, and CaAl12O19; in addition, the CaTiO3 phase was also identified. The in-situ formation of CaTiO3 in the ceramic material, improves the mechanical properties such as the transversal elastic modulus and fracture toughness (48 GPa and 1.32 MPa m1/2, respectively) in comparison to the reference material (55 GPa and 0.43 MPa m1/2, respectively). Changes in the microstructural morphology, bulk density, and hardness values were also observed with a positive effect in the compound material

Modelo “plural integral” de cuidados primários para a saúde e satisfação dos usuário

Purpose. The purpose of this work is to propose the implementation of a plural-comprehensive model of primary healthcare in Mexico that would streamline the admission of people to these services and guarantee user satisfaction. Methods. A review and critical analysis of the bibliography on the topic was carried out in order to improve the proposal. Findings. In various countries where healthcare systems oriented to primary care are being implemented, better results are being obtained as regards the health of their population and improved efficiency. Conclusions. To improve the quality of primary health care in Mexico, the author proposes implementing a plural comprehensive model that would allow for free selection of the physician or of a system of care chosen by the patient or his family, which has public or combined funding, as applicable, and which has a guarantee of certified technical quality.Propósito. El presente trabajo tiene como finalidad proponer la implementación de un Modelo Plural-integral de Atención Primaria a la Salud en México, que agilice el ingreso de las personas a estos servicios y garantice la satisfacción de los usuarios. Métodos. Se llevó a cabo una revisión y análisis crítico de bibliografía sobre el tema para mejorar la propuesta. Hallazgos. En diversos países se están implementando sistemas de atención a la salud orientados a la Atención Primaria y están obteniendo mejores resultados sobre la salud de su población y son más eficientes. Conclusiones. Para mejorar la calidad de la Atención Primaria a la Salud (APS) en México, se propone la implementación de un Modelo Plural-integral que permita la libre elección del médico o sistema de atención que el paciente o su familia decida, que cuente con financiamiento público o mixto, según el caso, y una garantía de calidad técnica certificadaFinalidade. O presente trabalho tem como finalidade propor a implementação de um Modelo Plural integral de Cuidados Primários para a Saúde no México a fim de agilizar o acesso das pessoas a esses serviços e garantir a satisfação dos usuários. Métodos. foram realizadas uma revisão e uma análise crítica de bibliografia sobre o tema a fim de melhorar a proposta. Descobertas. em diversos países estão sendo implementados sistemas de cuidados de saúde orientados para os Cuidados Primários que estão obtendo melhores resultados sobre a saúde de sua população e estão sendo mais eficientes. Conclusões. para melhorar a qualidade dos Cuidados Primários de Saúde (CPS) no México, é proposta a implementação de um Modelo Plural integral que permita a livre escolha do médico ou sistema de cuidados de saúde que o paciente ou sua família decidam, que conte com um financiamento público ou misto segundo o caso, e que conte com uma garantia de qualidade técnica certificada

¿Son más competitivas las sociedades cooperativas? Un análisis en el sector de la distribución farmacéutica

The paper investigates whether the co-operative format influences the competitive advantages of companies adopting it. To accomplish this, we have carried out an empirical analysis focusing on retail pharmacy companies operating in 10 provinces of central and southern Spain. The results show that the co-operative companies obtain a greater competitive advantage than non-cooperative forms. This finding could be explained by the peculiar relationship of loyalty binding member- customers of this type of company with the organisation to which they belong.Co-operative Companies, Retail Pharmacy, Competitive Advantage, Customer loyalty.

An alternative differential method of femtosecond pump-probe examination of materials

We describe an alternative method for femtosecond pumpprobe beam examination of energy transport properties of materials. All already reported techniques have several drawbacks which limit precise measurements of reflection coefficient as function of time. A typical problem is present when rough samples are being studied. In this case the pump-beam polarization changes randomly which may produce a spurious signal, drastically reducing the signal to noise ratio. Some proposals to alleviate such problema have been reported, however, they have not been totally satisfactory. The method presented here consists on measuring the difference between the two delays’ signals of the probe-beam. As will be explained, our proposal is free of typical drawbacks. We also propose a numerical method to recover the DR(t)/R curve from the measured data. Numerical simulations show that our proposal is a viable alternative

AMBIGÜEDAD ORGANIZACIONAL EN LA PLANEACIÓN ESTRATÉGICA

Este trabajo tiene por objetivo determinar el grado de infl uencia de la planeación estratégica en el combate a la ambigüedad organizacional en la Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa en su región Centro-Norte. La investigación es experimental y aplica la escala de Likert como instrumento de campo. Entre los hallazgos importantes, esta investigación encuentra que la organización tiene que buscar acoplar fi rmemente los objetivos e intereses de sus participantes para encontrar respuestas más completas en la planeación estratégica, que requiere mayor racionalidad, pero en las condiciones descritas, ésta encuentra grandes limitaciones, es decir, cada vez puede estar más lejos de cumplirse el objetivo con las acciones tomadas, ya que el camino seguido para hacer esto, no es claro

New approach of entropy estimation for robust image segmentation

In this work we introduce a new approach for robust image segmentation. The idea is to combine two strategies within a Bayesian framework. The first one is to use a Márkov Random Field (MRF), which allows to introduce prior information with the purpose of preserve the edges in the image. The second strategy comes from the fact that the probability density function (pdf) of the likelihood function is non Gaussian or unknown, so it should be approximated by an estimated version, and for this, it is used the classical non-parametric or kernel density estimation. This two strategies together lead us to the definition of a new maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimator based on the minimization of the entropy of the estimated pdf of the likelihood function and the MRF at the same time, named MAP entropy estimator (MAPEE). Some experiments were made for different kind of images degraded with impulsive noise and the segmentation results are very satisfactory and promising