Impaired innate interferon induction in severe therapy resistant atopic asthmatic children

Deficient type I interferon-β and type III interferon-λ induction by rhinoviruses has previously been reported in mild/moderate atopic asthmatic adults. No studies have yet investigated if this occurs in severe therapy resistant asthma (STRA). Here, we show that compared with non-allergic healthy control children, bronchial epithelial cells cultured ex vivo from severe therapy resistant atopic asthmatic children have profoundly impaired interferon-β and interferon-λ mRNA and protein in response to rhinovirus (RV) and polyIC stimulation. Severe treatment resistant asthmatics also exhibited increased virus load, which negatively correlated with interferon mRNA levels. Furthermore, uninfected cells from severe therapy resistant asthmatic children showed lower levels of Toll-like receptor-3 mRNA and reduced retinoic acid inducible gene and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 mRNA after RV stimulation. These data expand on the original work, suggesting that the innate anti-viral response to RVs is impaired in asthmatic tissues and demonstrate that this is a feature of STRA

Pulmonary epithelial cell-derived cytokine TGF-β1 Is a critical cofactor for enhanced innate lymphoid cell function

SummaryEpithelial cells orchestrate pulmonary homeostasis and pathogen defense and play a crucial role in the initiation of allergic immune responses. Maintaining the balance between homeostasis and inappropriate immune activation and associated pathology is particularly complex at mucosal sites that are exposed to billions of potentially antigenic particles daily. We demonstrated that epithelial cell-derived cytokine TGF-β had a central role in the generation of the pulmonary immune response. Mice that specifically lacked epithelial cell-derived TGF-β1 displayed a reduction in type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), resulting in suppression of interleukin-13 and hallmark features of the allergic response including airway hyperreactivity. ILCs in the airway lumen were primed to respond to TGF-β by expressing the receptor TGF-βRII and ILC chemoactivity was enhanced by TGF-β. These data demonstrate that resident epithelial cells instruct immune cells, highlighting the central role of the local environmental niche in defining the nature and magnitude of immune reactions

Pulmonary Epithelial Cell-Derived Cytokine TGF-β1 Is a Critical Cofactor for Enhanced Innate Lymphoid Cell Function.

Epithelial cells orchestrate pulmonary homeostasis and pathogen defense and play a crucial role in the initiation of allergic immune responses. Maintaining the balance between homeostasis and inappropriate immune activation and associated pathology is particularly complex at mucosal sites that are exposed to billions of potentially antigenic particles daily. We demonstrated that epithelial cell-derived cytokine TGF-β had a central role in the generation of the pulmonary immune response. Mice that specifically lacked epithelial cell-derived TGF-β1 displayed a reduction in type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), resulting in suppression of interleukin-13 and hallmark features of the allergic response including airway hyperreactivity. ILCs in the airway lumen were primed to respond to TGF-β by expressing the receptor TGF-βRII and ILC chemoactivity was enhanced by TGF-β. These data demonstrate that resident epithelial cells instruct immune cells, highlighting the central role of the local environmental niche in defining the nature and magnitude of immune reactions

A Comparison of Shiga-Toxin 2 Bacteriophage from Classical Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli Serotypes and the German E. coli O104:H4 Outbreak Strain

Escherichia coli O104:H4 was associated with a severe foodborne disease outbreak originating in Germany in May 2011. More than 4000 illnesses and 50 deaths were reported. The outbreak strain was a typical enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) that acquired an antibiotic resistance plasmid and a Shiga-toxin 2 (Stx2)-encoding bacteriophage. Based on whole-genome phylogenies, the O104:H4 strain was most closely related to other EAEC strains; however, Stx2-bacteriophage are mobile, and do not necessarily share an evolutionary history with their bacterial host. In this study, we analyzed Stx2-bacteriophage from the E. coli O104:H4 outbreak isolates and compared them to all available Stx2-bacteriophage sequences. We also compared Stx2 production by an E. coli O104:H4 outbreak-associated isolate (ON-2011) to that of E. coli O157:H7 strains EDL933 and Sakai. Among the E. coli Stx2-phage sequences studied, that from O111:H- strain JB1-95 was most closely related phylogenetically to the Stx2-phage from the O104:H4 outbreak isolates. The phylogeny of most other Stx2-phage was largely concordant with their bacterial host genomes. Finally, O104:H4 strain ON-2011 produced less Stx2 than E. coli O157:H7 strains EDL933 and Sakai in culture; however, when mitomycin C was added, ON-2011 produced significantly more toxin than the E. coli O157:H7 strains. The Stx2-phage from the E. coli O104:H4 outbreak strain and the Stx2-phage from O111:H- strain JB1-95 likely share a common ancestor. Incongruence between the phylogenies of the Stx2-phage and their host genomes suggest the recent Stx2-phage acquisition by E. coli O104:H4. The increase in Stx2-production by ON-2011 following mitomycin C treatment may or may not be related to the high rates of hemolytic uremic syndrome associated with the German outbreak strain. Further studies are required to determine whether the elevated Stx2-production levels are due to bacteriophage or E. coli O104:H4 host related factors

Mechanical properties of random arrays of short carbon fibers

The mechanical properties of random short carbon fiber composites have been studied experimentally in relation with the electrical properties (continuity) in three different states : 1) fibers in a hard expoxyde matrix, 2) fibers in a well formed gel, 3) fibers sediment in a viscous liquid. Although there is no precise correlation between the electrical percolation threshold and the continuous increase of elastic modulus with fiber concentration, the variation of linear elastic properties can be seen to be more and more related to the connectivity (and possibly entanglement) transition when going from state 1 to 3, i.e. as the influence of the matrix decreases. A related discussion dealing with entanglement properties and mechanical percolation is presented.Les propriétés mécaniques de composites de carbone à fibres courtes ont été étudiées. expérimentalement en relation avec leurs propriétés électriques dans les 3 cas suivants : 1) fibres dans une matrice epoxy rigide ; 2) fibres dans un gel bien formé ; 3) fibres sédimentant dans un liquide visqueux. Bien qu'il n'y ait pas de corrélation précise entre le seuil de percolation électrique et l'augmentation continue du module élastique avec la concentration de fibres, on peut voir une relation de plus en plus proche entre ces deux notions lorsqu'on passe de la situation 1 à 3, c'est-à-dire quand l'influence de la matrice décroit. Une discussion portant sur la relation avec les problèmes d'enchevètrements et sur la percolation mécanique est présentée

Des traces à l’électronique – Contribution de l’université de Limoges à la détection des rayonnements ionisants

Cette contribution décrit les objectifs, méthodes et résultats de plus de vingt années de recherches à l’Université de Limoges sur l’interaction rayonnement-matière. Les aspects fondamentaux et les applications à la détection et la dosimétrie sont abordés. D’autres sujets, tels que la modification des propriétés optiques des matériaux sous irradiation et les applications à l’optique intégrée ne sont que survolés. Sur le sujet de la détection des rayonnements, les auteurs partent de l’utilisation des polymères en tant de détecteurs pour aboutir à l’électronique intégrée. La conception des circuits intégrés silicium dédiés à la détection, la caractérisation et la dosimétrie des neutrons est décrite. On explique également comment la conception et la technologie du circuit intégré (capteur et électronique de traitement du signal) sont fortement dépendantes de l’interaction des neutrons. La nécessité d’associer une spectrométrie à la dosimétrie des neutrons est mise en évidence, et l’étude d’une solution globale basée sur un détecteur sandwich est détaillée car elle n’a jamais été publiée. Finalement, l’implication du laboratoire dans l’étude de la dissémination des radioéléments naturels en environnement liée aux activités passées des mines d’uranium est abordée. Le développement d’activités de mesure et d’expertise de radioactivité et de rayonnements nucléaires dans le cadre de la norme ISO 17025 et sous accréditation COFRAC est enfin décrit