OS DESAFIOS DA GESTÃO DEMOCRÁTICA DA CIDADE NA GARANTIA DE UM MUNICÍPIO AMBIENTALMENTE SUSTENTÁVEL: Apontamentos sobre a Audiência Pública e os Conselhos de Desenvolvimento Urbano

O objetivo do trabalho é apontar como a gestão democrática das cidades, analisada através dos instrumentos da audiência pública e dos conselhos de desenvolvimento urbano pode garantir um Município Ambientalmente Sustentável. Concluiu-se que um significado para o termo é buscado pela análise teórica da sustentabilidade e desenvolvimento sustentável urbano, podendo ser disposto através de preceitos e fundamentado pela CF e pelo Estatuto da Cidade. Além disso, as regras de gestão democrática das cidades, que deverão relacionar-se com todos os instrumentos de planejamento municipal, respaldam as matrizes de participação agregativa e a deliberativa, entretanto, há inúmeros problemas em sua aplicação, que deverão ser superados para que se garanta um Município Ambientalmente Sustentável. Adotou-se o método de abordagem dialético, tendo em vista que o trabalho penetra o mundo dos fenômenos por meio de sua ação recíproca e o método procedimental estruturalista, vendo a realidade concreta do ponto de vista interno dos fenômenos

Role of antiviral therapy in the natural history of hepatitis B virus-related chronic liver disease

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a dynamic state of interactions among HBV, hepatocytes, and the host immune system. Natural history studies of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection have shown an association between active viral replication and adverse clinical outcomes such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The goal of therapy for CHB is to improve quality of life and survival by preventing progression of the disease to cirrhosis, decompensation, end-stage liver disease, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and death. This goal can be achieved if HBV replication is suppressed in a sustained manner. The accompanying reduction in histological activity of CHB lessens the risk of cirrhosis and of HCC, particularly in non-cirrhotic patients. However, CHB infection cannot be completely eradicated, due to the persistence of covalently closed circular DNA in the nucleus of infected hepatocytes, which may explain HBV reactivation. Moreover, the integration of the HBV genome into the host genome may favour oncogenesis, development of HCC and may also contribute to HBV reactivation

Quale manifattura per la città? Il caso di Bruxelles nella ricerca Cities of Making

Faced with the challenges posed by the growing economic, social and environmental imbalances, the question of the transition of the European territories towards a more circular system of production and resource management seems to emerge as an opportunity to reflect on the distribution of wealth. Specifically, the article examines some territories and the role that urban manufacturing can play in accompanying the transition from the current linear production model to a circular one, to ease the consequences of consumption and the dependence relationships of cities from outside territories, but also to rebalance inequalities in management and resource allocation. The article is based on the first results of the Cities of Making research (JPI-Urban Europe, 2017-2019), which focuses on the role of urban manufacturing in the cities of London, Rotterdam-The Hague and Brussels. In addition to these three regions metropolitan areas, other European cities today reflect on the need to establish spatial and political strategies for industry. In the manner of American Urban Manufacturing, production suggests the construction of new relationship systems and opportunities towards a model of socio-economically resilient city, despite the difficulty of coexistence in the same context interested industrial processes and everyday urban life

Benthic macrofauna structure in the northeast area of Todos os Santos Bay, Bahia State, Brazil: patterns of spatial and seasonal distribution

A estrutura da macrofauna bêntica das regiões entre marés e infralitoral raso na porção nordeste da Baia de Todos os Santos (BTS), nordeste do Brasil, foi investigada durante um período de dois anos. Sua relação com os parâmetros ambientais mensurados foi estudada através de análises estatísticas uni -e multivariadas, sendo os principais padrões de distribuição espacial e temporal relacionados principalmente ao tipo de sedimento e ao conteúdo de três indicadores da matéria orgânica sedimentar (Carbono, Nitrogênio e Fósforo). A macrofauna, composta majoritariamente por anelídeos poliqueta (cerca de 70% do total), apresentou baixa densidade, riqueza de espécies e diversidade, exceto nas estações amostradas nos bancos recifais. Estes se destacam como ambiente peculiar, formado por sedimentos grosseiros, pobres em matéria orgânica e ricos em carbonatos, apresentando fauna abundante e diversificada. A região entre marés e os locais rasos adjacentes à refinaria RLAM são formados por sedimentos compostos principalmente por areia fina e baixo conteúdo orgânico e constituem ambiente instável, com poucas espécies altamente dominantes, como Armandia polyophthalma e Laeonereis acuta. Em outras regiões da BTS, onde dominam os sedimentos pelíticos, densidade e diversidade foram muito baixas, especialmente nas proximidades da refinaria. Aqui, os indicadores biológicos apresentaram seus mais baixos valores, sendo as estações mais próximas (4 e 7) algumas vezes azóicas. A região adjacente de Caboto, inicialmente considerada como controle, apresentou baixa densidade, porém valores médios para diversidade, o que indica ser este ambiente relativamente menos perturbado. Foi possível identificar a existência de 5 grupos com padrões estruturais próprios (entremarés; bancos recifais; infralittoral pelitico; sedimentos mistos; Caboto), que parecem estar relacionados principalmente às características físicas e químicas do sedimento.Structure of intertidal and subtidal benthic macrofauna in the northeastern region of Todos os Santos Bay (TSB), northeast Brazil, was investigated during a period of two years. Relationships with environmental parameters were studied through uni-and multivariate statistical analyses, and the main distributional patterns shown to be especially related to sediment type and content of organic fractions (Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus), on both temporal and spatial scales. Polychaete annelids accounted for more than 70% of the total fauna and showed low densities, species richness and diversity, except for the area situated on the reef banks. These banks constitute a peculiar environment in relation to the rest of the region by having coarse sediments poor in organic matter and rich in biodetritic carbonates besides an abundant and diverse fauna. The intertidal region and the shallower area nearer to the oil refinery RLAM, with sediments composed mainly of fine sand, seem to constitute an unstable system with few highly dominant species, such as Armandia polyophthalma and Laeonereis acuta. In the other regions of TSB, where muddy bottoms predominated, densities and diversity were low, especially in the stations near the refinery. Here the lowest values of the biological indicators occurred together with the highest organic compound content. In addition, the nearest sites (stations 4 and 7) were sometimes azoic. The adjacent Caboto, considered as a control area at first, presented low density but intermediate values of species diversity, which indicates a less disturbed environment in relation to the pelitic infralittoral in front of the refinery. The results of the ordination analyses evidenced five homogeneous groups of stations (intertidal; reef banks; pelitic infralittoral; mixed sediments; Caboto) with different specific patterns, a fact which seems to be mainly related to granulometry and chemical sediment characteristics

Wie heeft baat bij de productieactiviteiten? Analyse van het geval Kuregem

Gezien de toenemende populariteit van het imago van de “productieve stad” zowel in politieke als in academische kringen in Brussel, is men het er steeds meer over eens dat de productieactiviteiten in de stad moeten worden behouden en zelfs opnieuw moeten worden ontwikkeld. Maar terwijl de publieke actoren – via hun beleid inzake productieactiviteiten en ruimtelijke ordening – de ontwikkeling van nieuwe activiteiten stimuleren, gaan die veranderingen soms ten koste van de oude activiteiten. Al deze productieactiviteiten zijn echter niet identiek gelijk wanneer we kijken naar de lokalisatiefactoren maar ook naar de sociale en economische gevolgen. Dit artikel, dat het resultaat is van de samenwerking tussen twee onderzoeksprojecten, sluit bijgevolg aan op een kwalitatieve en vergelijkende empirische benadering om meer inzicht te krijgen in de realiteit waarmee deze verschillende soorten van activiteiten – zowel oude als nieuwe – overeenstemmen, alsook in de uitdagingen die gepaard gaan met het behoud of de ontwikkeling van die activiteiten.Avec le gain en popularité de l’image de la « ville productive », tant dans les milieux politiques qu’académiques bruxellois, la nécessité de maintenir – voire de redévelopper – les activités productives en ville fait de plus en plus consensus. Cependant, si les acteurs publics, au travers de leurs politiques en termes d’activités productives et d’aménagement de l’espace, favorisent le déploiement de nouvelles activités, ces transformations se font parfois au détriment des anciennes. Or toutes ces activités productives ne sont pas identiques, tant en ce qui concerne les facteurs de localisation que du point de vue de leurs répercussions sociales et économiques. Ce travail, issu de la collaboration entre deux projets de recherche, s’inscrit donc dans une démarche empirique comparative et qualitative visant à comprendre les réalités auxquelles correspondent ces différents types d’activités, anciennes et nouvelles, ainsi que les enjeux liés à leur maintien ou à leur développement.With the growing popularity of the image of the “productive city” both in political and academic circles in Brussels, the need to keep – or even redevelop – productive activities in the city is becoming more and more widely accepted. However, while public stakeholders favour the implementation of new activities through their policies regarding productive activities and spatial planning, these transformations sometimes take place to the detriment of existing activities. Yet these productive activities are not identical in terms of location factors and their social and economic impact. This work is the result of collaboration between two research projects, and is part of a comparative and qualitative empirical approach aimed at understanding the realities which these different types of old and new activities correspond to, as well as the issues related to their continued existence or development

O REGIME JURÍDICO-URBANÍSTICO DO PATRIMÔNIO CULTURAL MAESA DE CAXIAS DO SUL - RS

A pesquisa aborda o patrimônio cultural da Metalúrgica Abramo Eberle S.A., conhecida como MAESA, antigo parque fabril localizado na cidade de Caxias do Sul – RS, Brasil. O objetivo geral da pesquisa é verificar o regime jurídico-urbanístico da MAESA. Na primeira parte da pesquisa descreve-se a história e características do conjunto arquitetônico. Após, aborda-se a regulamentação, em especial aspectos do Plano Diretor, Lei de Doação e Plano Geral. Para tanto, utilizou-se o método de abordagem hipotético-dedutivo, adaptado à ciência jurídica. O método de procedimento é monográfico aplicado a um estudo de caso. A pesquisa tem natureza básica com abordagem qualitativa, de objetivo descritivo e explicativo. Como resultados verificou-se que a MAESA tem zoneamentos específicos, sendo tombada e identificada como Ponto de Interesse Patrimonial Histórico, também se entende necessária a observação de critérios para compatibilização entre as normas de proteção vigentes e a tomada de decisões futuras, que objetivem viabilizar o uso público do espaço. Conclui-se que existe um regime jurídico-urbanístico de proteção da MAESA, muito embora as normas de proteção estejam dispersas na legislação municipal

FOUNDRIES OF THE FUTURE:

Since the 1970s, cities world-wide have been witness to radical de-industrialisation. Manufacturing was considered incompatible with urban life and was actively pushed out. As economies have grown, public officials and developers have instinctively shifted their priorities to short-term, high-yielding land uses such as offices, retail space and housing. Inner-city growth from New York to London and even Seoul have generally come at the expense of land uses such as manufacturing or logistics. Despite the odds, manufacturing is not in terminal decay in western cities. On the contrary, it is at the opening of a new chapter. Urban manufacturing can help cities to be more innovative, circular, inclusive and resilient. Recently, with increasing interest in the circular economy, with cleaner and more compact technology, with more progressive building codes for mixed use, with increasing awareness of the impacts of social inequality and with a clearer understanding of the value chains between the trade of material and immaterial goods, cities across the world are realising that manufacturing has an important place in the 21st century urban economy. While both enthusiasm for making is increasing and the value of manufacturing is becoming increasingly evident in cities, the topic remains extremely complex and challenging to manage. This book attempts to shed light on the ways manufacturing can address urban challenges, it exposes constraints for the manufacturing sector and provides fifty patterns for working with urban manufacturing. This book has been written as a manual to help politicians, public authorities, planners, designers and community organisations to be able to plan, discuss and collaborate by developing more productive urban manufacturing. The book is split into two parts.  We first cover an abridged history of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, noting how European cities evolved rapidly by harnessing manufacturing, and then how the late twentieth century led to a radical shift in how cities work and think. We’re now at a crossroads between actors that do not see the need for manufacturing in cities and those that consider it vital for a prosperous urban future. Part of the tension comes from the fact that manufacturing is considered a ‘weak land use’ compared to activities such as real-estate development, which has been considered more financially attractive by many actors in the private and public sector. This real estate-oriented development narrative is increasingly regarded as short-sighted, but will not change without an alternative vision. We have therefore elaborated a narrative on how urban manufacturing responds to four specific challenges facing cities and how in turn manufacturing needs cities. In practice, planning and design for a topic like this is highly challenging. The second part of the book is intended as a handbook. By synthesising our research and fieldwork conducted in a number of cities, we have encountered many similarities in terms of problems, challenges and solutions for urban manufacturing. Inspired by the seminal 1977 book, ‘A Pattern Language’ we have translated our findings into fifty patterns which help render the diversity of issues concerning manufacturing more tangible. As both teamwork and negotiation are necessary, exercises and methods are provided to use the patterns. Finally, we have set out twelve key action areas as possible starting points for supporting urban manufacturing