Cryo-EM structure of the complete E. coli DNA gyrase nucleoprotein complex

DNA gyrase is an essential enzyme involved in the homeostatic control of DNA supercoiling and the target of successful antibacterial compounds. Despite extensive studies, a detailed architecture of the full-length DNA gyrase from the model organism E. coli is still missing. Herein, we report the complete structure of the E. coli DNA gyrase nucleoprotein complex trapped by the antibiotic gepotidacin, using phase-plate single-particle cryo-electron microscopy. Our data unveil the structural and spatial organization of the functional domains, their connections and the position of the conserved GyrA-box motif. The deconvolution of two states of the DNA-binding/cleavage domain provides a better understanding of the allosteric movements of the enzyme complex. The local atomic resolution in the DNA-bound area reaching up to 3.0 Å enables the identification of the antibiotic density. Altogether, this study paves the way for the cryo-EM determination of gyrase complexes with antibiotics and opens perspectives for targeting conformational intermediates

Post-translational modifications in DNA topoisomerase 2α highlight the role of a eukaryote-specific residue in the ATPase domain

Type 2 DNA topoisomerases (Top2) are critical components of key protein complexes involved in DNA replication, chromosome condensation and segregation, as well as gene transcription. The Top2 were found to be the main targets of anticancer agents, leading to intensive efforts to understand their functional and physiological role as well as their molecular structure. Post-translational modifications have been reported to influence Top2 enzyme activities in particular those of the mammalian Top2α isoform. In this study, we identified phosphorylation, and for the first time, acetylation sites in the human Top2α isoform produced in eukaryotic expression systems. Structural analysis revealed that acetylation sites are clustered on the catalytic domains of the homodimer while phosphorylation sites are located in the C-terminal domain responsible for nuclear localization. Biochemical analysis of the eukaryotic-specific K168 residue in the ATPase domain shows that acetylation affects a key position regulating ATP hydrolysis through the modulation of dimerization. Our findings suggest that acetylation of specific sites involved in the allosteric regulation of human Top2 may provide a mechanism for modulation of its catalytic activity.Fil: Bedez, Claire. Université de Strasbourg; FranciaFil: Lotz, Christophe. Université de Strasbourg; FranciaFil: Batisse, Claire. Université de Strasbourg; FranciaFil: Broeck, Arnaud Vanden. Université de Strasbourg; FranciaFil: Stote, Roland H.. Université de Strasbourg; FranciaFil: Howard, Eduardo Ignacio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Física de Líquidos y Sistemas Biológicos. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Instituto de Física de Líquidos y Sistemas Biológicos; ArgentinaFil: Pradeau-Aubreton, Karine. Université de Strasbourg; FranciaFil: Ruff, Marc. Université de Strasbourg; FranciaFil: Lamour, Valérie. Université de Strasbourg; Franci

Post-translational modifications in DNA topoisomerase 2α highlight the role of a eukaryote-specific residue in the ATPase domain

Type 2 DNA topoisomerases (Top2) are critical components of key protein complexes involved in DNA replication, chromosome condensation and segregation, as well as gene transcription. The Top2 were found to be the main targets of anticancer agents, leading to intensive efforts to understand their functional and physiological role as well as their molecular structure. Post-translational modifications have been reported to influence Top2 enzyme activities in particular those of the mammalian Top2α isoform. In this study, we identified phosphorylation, and for the first time, acetylation sites in the human Top2α isoform produced in eukaryotic expression systems. Structural analysis revealed that acetylation sites are clustered on the catalytic domains of the homodimer while phosphorylation sites are located in the C-terminal domain responsible for nuclear localization. Biochemical analysis of the eukaryotic-specific K168 residue in the ATPase domain shows that acetylation affects a key position regulating ATP hydrolysis through the modulation of dimerization. Our findings suggest that acetylation of specific sites involved in the allosteric regulation of human Top2 may provide a mechanism for modulation of its catalytic activity.Facultad de Ciencias ExactasInstituto de Física de Líquidos y Sistemas Biológico

Exonuclease VII repairs quinolone-induced damage by resolving DNA gyrase cleavage complexes

The widely used quinolone antibiotics act by trapping prokaryotic type IIA topoisomerases, resulting in irreversible topoisomerase cleavage complexes (TOPcc). Whereas the excision repair pathways of TOPcc in eukaryotes have been extensively studied, it is not known whether equivalent repair pathways for prokaryotic TOPcc exist. By combining genetic, biochemical, and molecular biology approaches, we demonstrate that exonuclease VII (ExoVII) excises quinolone-induced trapped DNA gyrase, an essential prokaryotic type IIA topoisomerase. We show that ExoVII repairs trapped type IIA TOPcc and that ExoVII displays tyrosyl nuclease activity for the tyrosyl-DNA linkage on the 5′-DNA overhangs corresponding to trapped type IIA TOPcc. ExoVII-deficient bacteria fail to remove trapped DNA gyrase, consistent with their hypersensitivity to quinolones. We also identify an ExoVII inhibitor that synergizes with the antimicrobial activity of quinolones, including in quinolone-resistant bacterial strains, further demonstrating the functional importance of ExoVII for the repair of type IIA TOPcc

Exonuclease VII repairs quinolone-induced damage by resolving DNA gyrase cleavage complexes

The widely used quinolone antibiotics act by trapping prokaryotic type IIA topoisomerases, resulting in irreversible topoisomerase cleavage complexes (TOPcc). Whereas the excision repair pathways of TOPcc in eukaryotes have been extensively studied, it is not known whether equivalent repair pathways for prokaryotic TOPcc exist. By combining genetic, biochemical, and molecular biology approaches, we demonstrate that exonuclease VII (ExoVII) excises quinolone-induced trapped DNA gyrase, an essential prokaryotic type IIA topoisomerase. We show that ExoVII repairs trapped type IIA TOPcc and that ExoVII displays tyrosyl nuclease activity for the tyrosyl-DNA linkage on the 5\u27-DNA overhangs corresponding to trapped type IIA TOPcc. ExoVII-deficient bacteria fail to remove trapped DNA gyrase, consistent with their hypersensitivity to quinolones. We also identify an ExoVII inhibitor that synergizes with the antimicrobial activity of quinolones, including in quinolone-resistant bacterial strains, further demonstrating the functional importance of ExoVII for the repair of type IIA TOPcc

Structural study of type IIA DNA topoisomerases targeted by therapeutic compounds : molecular architecture and mechanistic implications

Les ADN topoisomérases régulent la topologie de l’ADN lors des processus cellulaires tels que la réplication, la transcription ou la ségrégation des chromosomes au cours de la division cellulaire. Leur rôle crucial dans le maintien de l’intégrité du génome et dans la transmission des gènes en fait des cibles privilégiées pour le développement de molécules thérapeutiques. Cependant, les inhibiteurs utilisés actuellement comme agents anti-tumoraux contre les topoisomérases humaines sont peu spécifiques et entrainent de nombreux effets secondaires. De même, l’utilisation massive d’antibiotiques à large spectre contre les topoisomérases bactériennes entraine l’apparition de mutations et le développement de souches résistantes. L'amélioration des traitements dépend de notre compréhension du mécanisme catalytique, des fonctions cellulaires précises, des architectures tridimensionnelles et des processus d'inhibition de ces ADN topoisomérases. Nous nous sommes tout d’abord consacrés à l’étude structurale de l’interaction entre la Coumermycine-A1, un antibiotique de la famille des aminocoumarines, avec le domaine ATPase de l’ADN Gyrase, une topoisomérase 2A bactérienne. Les résultats obtenus ont révélé un mode d’inhibition inédit et ouvrent la voie à la conception de nouveaux dérivés de cet antibiotique, ciblant plus spécifiquement les ADN Gyrases de pathogènes. La seconde partie de la thèse a consisté en l’étude de l’architecture complète de l’ADN Gyrase et de l’isoforme alpha de la Topo II humaine par Cryo-microscopie électronique. Les données structurales obtenues révèlent pour la première fois l’architecture complète de ces topoisomérases à haute résolution. L’ensemble des résultats apporte de nouveaux éléments pour la compréhension des mouvements allostériques des topoisomérases 2A lors du cycle catalytique. Ces données, jusque-là inaccessibles par les méthodes structurales conventionnelles, sont essentielles pour le développement de nouvelles molécules inhibitrices pouvant cibler spécifiquement différents états catalytiques.DNA topoisomerases regulate DNA topology during cellular processes such as replication, transcription or chromosome segregation. Their crucial role in maintaining the integrity of the genome and in genetic transmission makes them prime targets for the development of therapeutic molecules. However, the inhibitors currently used as anti-tumor agents against human topoisomerases are not very specific and cause many side effects. Similarly, the massive use of broad-spectrum antibiotics against bacterial topoisomerases leads to the appearance of mutations and the development of resistant strains. The optimization of current therapeutics depends on our understanding of the catalytic mechanism, the precise cellular functions, the complete three-dimensional architectures and the inhibition processes of these topoisomerases. This study first focused on the structural characterization of the interaction between Coumermycin-A1, an aminocoumarin antibiotic, with the ATPase domain of DNA Gyrase, a bacterial Type 2A topoisomerase. The results obtained revealed an unprecedented mode of inhibition and pave the way to the design of new variants of this antibiotic, specifically targeting pathogenic DNA Gyrases. The second part of the thesis consisted in the study of the complete architecture of the DNA Gyrase and the human Topo II alpha isoform by Cryo-electron microscopy. The structural data obtained reveal for the first time the complete architecture of these topoisomerases at high-resolution. The results shed light on the finely-tuned allosteric movements of topoisomerases 2A during the catalytic cycle. These information, until now out of reach using the conventional structural methods, are essential for the development of new inhibitory molecules that can specifically target different catalytic states

Study of the Bacillus subtilis PBP4* and RacX, YlmE racemases in relation with disassembly of biofilms

Bacillus subtilis is a PGPR (Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacterium) Gram positive bacterium and a model for studying the in vitro formation or disruption of biofilms. At the liquid/air interface of standing cultures, B. subtilis forms thick pellicles of limited lifetimes. Some D-amino acids have been reported among the factors playing a role in the disassembly of B. subtilis biofilms and ylmE or racX mutants (in which the racemases YlmE or RacX are absent) show a delay in pellicle disruption. The racX encoding gene is part of a bicistronic operon in which the second gene (pbpE) codes for a Penicillin-Binding Protein, the PBP4* whose function is not characterized in Bacillus. Our studies aim to produce, purify and characterize the role of the PBP4* and RacX, YlmE racemases in relation with the disassembly of biofilms. Biochemical and structural data have been obtained and the role of the three proteins has been partly solved. X-ray structures will permit us to create inhibitor molecules against Bacillus subtilis biofilm formation or disassembly.Study of the formation and disassembly of Bacillus subtilis biofil

Étude structurale des ADN topoisomérases 2A ciblées par des composés thérapeutiques : architecture moléculaire et implications mécanistiques

DNA topoisomerases regulate DNA topology during cellular processes such as replication, transcription or chromosome segregation. Their crucial role in maintaining the integrity of the genome and in genetic transmission makes them prime targets for the development of therapeutic molecules. However, the inhibitors currently used as anti-tumor agents against human topoisomerases are not very specific and cause many side effects. Similarly, the massive use of broad-spectrum antibiotics against bacterial topoisomerases leads to the appearance of mutations and the development of resistant strains. The optimization of current therapeutics depends on our understanding of the catalytic mechanism, the precise cellular functions, the complete three-dimensional architectures and the inhibition processes of these topoisomerases. This study first focused on the structural characterization of the interaction between Coumermycin-A1, an aminocoumarin antibiotic, with the ATPase domain of DNA Gyrase, a bacterial Type 2A topoisomerase. The results obtained revealed an unprecedented mode of inhibition and pave the way to the design of new variants of this antibiotic, specifically targeting pathogenic DNA Gyrases. The second part of the thesis consisted in the study of the complete architecture of the DNA Gyrase and the human Topo II alpha isoform by Cryo-electron microscopy. The structural data obtained reveal for the first time the complete architecture of these topoisomerases at high-resolution. The results shed light on the finely-tuned allosteric movements of topoisomerases 2A during the catalytic cycle. These information, until now out of reach using the conventional structural methods, are essential for the development of new inhibitory molecules that can specifically target different catalytic states.Les ADN topoisomérases régulent la topologie de l’ADN lors des processus cellulaires tels que la réplication, la transcription ou la ségrégation des chromosomes au cours de la division cellulaire. Leur rôle crucial dans le maintien de l’intégrité du génome et dans la transmission des gènes en fait des cibles privilégiées pour le développement de molécules thérapeutiques. Cependant, les inhibiteurs utilisés actuellement comme agents anti-tumoraux contre les topoisomérases humaines sont peu spécifiques et entrainent de nombreux effets secondaires. De même, l’utilisation massive d’antibiotiques à large spectre contre les topoisomérases bactériennes entraine l’apparition de mutations et le développement de souches résistantes. L'amélioration des traitements dépend de notre compréhension du mécanisme catalytique, des fonctions cellulaires précises, des architectures tridimensionnelles et des processus d'inhibition de ces ADN topoisomérases. Nous nous sommes tout d’abord consacrés à l’étude structurale de l’interaction entre la Coumermycine-A1, un antibiotique de la famille des aminocoumarines, avec le domaine ATPase de l’ADN Gyrase, une topoisomérase 2A bactérienne. Les résultats obtenus ont révélé un mode d’inhibition inédit et ouvrent la voie à la conception de nouveaux dérivés de cet antibiotique, ciblant plus spécifiquement les ADN Gyrases de pathogènes. La seconde partie de la thèse a consisté en l’étude de l’architecture complète de l’ADN Gyrase et de l’isoforme alpha de la Topo II humaine par Cryo-microscopie électronique. Les données structurales obtenues révèlent pour la première fois l’architecture complète de ces topoisomérases à haute résolution. L’ensemble des résultats apporte de nouveaux éléments pour la compréhension des mouvements allostériques des topoisomérases 2A lors du cycle catalytique. Ces données, jusque-là inaccessibles par les méthodes structurales conventionnelles, sont essentielles pour le développement de nouvelles molécules inhibitrices pouvant cibler spécifiquement différents états catalytiques

Structural study of type IIA DNA topoisomerases targeted by therapeutic compounds : molecular architecture and mechanistic implications

Les ADN topoisomérases régulent la topologie de l’ADN lors des processus cellulaires tels que la réplication, la transcription ou la ségrégation des chromosomes au cours de la division cellulaire. Leur rôle crucial dans le maintien de l’intégrité du génome et dans la transmission des gènes en fait des cibles privilégiées pour le développement de molécules thérapeutiques. Cependant, les inhibiteurs utilisés actuellement comme agents anti-tumoraux contre les topoisomérases humaines sont peu spécifiques et entrainent de nombreux effets secondaires. De même, l’utilisation massive d’antibiotiques à large spectre contre les topoisomérases bactériennes entraine l’apparition de mutations et le développement de souches résistantes. L'amélioration des traitements dépend de notre compréhension du mécanisme catalytique, des fonctions cellulaires précises, des architectures tridimensionnelles et des processus d'inhibition de ces ADN topoisomérases. Nous nous sommes tout d’abord consacrés à l’étude structurale de l’interaction entre la Coumermycine-A1, un antibiotique de la famille des aminocoumarines, avec le domaine ATPase de l’ADN Gyrase, une topoisomérase 2A bactérienne. Les résultats obtenus ont révélé un mode d’inhibition inédit et ouvrent la voie à la conception de nouveaux dérivés de cet antibiotique, ciblant plus spécifiquement les ADN Gyrases de pathogènes. La seconde partie de la thèse a consisté en l’étude de l’architecture complète de l’ADN Gyrase et de l’isoforme alpha de la Topo II humaine par Cryo-microscopie électronique. Les données structurales obtenues révèlent pour la première fois l’architecture complète de ces topoisomérases à haute résolution. L’ensemble des résultats apporte de nouveaux éléments pour la compréhension des mouvements allostériques des topoisomérases 2A lors du cycle catalytique. Ces données, jusque-là inaccessibles par les méthodes structurales conventionnelles, sont essentielles pour le développement de nouvelles molécules inhibitrices pouvant cibler spécifiquement différents états catalytiques.DNA topoisomerases regulate DNA topology during cellular processes such as replication, transcription or chromosome segregation. Their crucial role in maintaining the integrity of the genome and in genetic transmission makes them prime targets for the development of therapeutic molecules. However, the inhibitors currently used as anti-tumor agents against human topoisomerases are not very specific and cause many side effects. Similarly, the massive use of broad-spectrum antibiotics against bacterial topoisomerases leads to the appearance of mutations and the development of resistant strains. The optimization of current therapeutics depends on our understanding of the catalytic mechanism, the precise cellular functions, the complete three-dimensional architectures and the inhibition processes of these topoisomerases. This study first focused on the structural characterization of the interaction between Coumermycin-A1, an aminocoumarin antibiotic, with the ATPase domain of DNA Gyrase, a bacterial Type 2A topoisomerase. The results obtained revealed an unprecedented mode of inhibition and pave the way to the design of new variants of this antibiotic, specifically targeting pathogenic DNA Gyrases. The second part of the thesis consisted in the study of the complete architecture of the DNA Gyrase and the human Topo II alpha isoform by Cryo-electron microscopy. The structural data obtained reveal for the first time the complete architecture of these topoisomerases at high-resolution. The results shed light on the finely-tuned allosteric movements of topoisomerases 2A during the catalytic cycle. These information, until now out of reach using the conventional structural methods, are essential for the development of new inhibitory molecules that can specifically target different catalytic states

Study of the Bacillus subtilis RacX, YlmE racemases and PBP4* Protein in relation with disassembly of biofilms

Bacillus subtilis is a PGPR (Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacterium) Gram positive bacterium and a model for studying the in vitro formation, maturation or disruption of biofilms. Biofilms have been studied for many years because of their adverse effects in the medical sphere. Some D-amino acids have been reported among the factors playing a role in the disassembly of B. subtilis biofilms and a double ylmE and racX mutant (in which both YlmE and RacX racemases are absent) shows a delay in pellicle disruption [I. Kolodkin et al. Science (2010) 328:627-629]. The racX encoding gene is part of a bicistronic operon in which the first gene (pbpE) codes for a putative Penicillin-Binding Protein, the PBP4* whose function is not characterized. Results from DNA microarrays and Proteomics [D. Ren et al. Biotechnology and Bioengineering (2004) 86:344-364] have shown that in B. subtilis biofilms, the expression of the gene coding for PBP4* is increased. Our study in this master thesis aimed to investigate the functions and the structures of the RacX, YlmE and PBP4* proteins. A wide range of techniques such as cloning, into expression vectors, purification, treatment of the recombinant proteins by specific proteases to eliminate the chromatography affinity tags, structural and biochemical characterizations of the proteins have been used. According to sequence analyses, RacX belongs to the Asp/Glu racemase family. We succeeded to produce and purify 34 mg of RacX whose His-tag has been completely eliminated. The protein appeared active on D-Glutamate as substrate but inactive on D-Aspartate. A physiological role is proposed for RacX in the recovery of D-Glu from the peptidoglycan peptides. However, its implication in the biofilm disassembly process is still elusive. The YlmE racemase was also produced and purified (46 mg). Although a role in the in vivo production of D-Tyrosine in B. subtilis ageing biofilms has been proposed for this protein, our attempts to detect an activity on L-Tyr or any other amino acid remained unsuccessful. Bioinformatic studies relate YlmE to type III PLP dependent enzymes close to Alanine racemases. Alignments of YlmE with Alanine racemases pointed out that a C-terminal domain was missing in YlmE. A model has been proposed to explain the absence of YlmE activity. Several constructs were performed to restore a racemase activity: e.g. a fusion of YlmE to the C-terminal domain of the AlaR2 racemase from B. subtilis, but the chimeric protein was insoluble, or the fusion of the AlaR2 C-terminal domain to TrxA in view to obtain in trans complementation with purified YlmE. PBP4* (encoded by pbpE) has been purified (63 mg) and two activities were detected: L-aminopeptidase and DD-carboxypeptidase activities. This PBP is composed of two distinct domains : a N-Terminal catalytic domain related to the D-aminopeptidase from Ochrobactrum anthropic and a C-terminal one that has a lipocalin-like fold. This domain seems involved in the oligomerization of the protein. First attempts of X-Ray diffraction of the entire protein crystals did not give data with sufficient resolution. Therefore, each domain has been separately produced to determine the 3D structure of this unusual PBP