Державотворчі змагання ОУН – УПА в роки нацистської окупації України

(uk) У цій статті висвітлюються основні напрямки боротьби національно-патріотичних сил за становлення органів державного управління та місцевого самоврядування в Україні в період окупації її території військами нацистської Німеччини.(en) In this article basic directions of fight of nation - patriot forces light up for becoming of organs of state administration and local self-government in Ukraine in the period of occupation of its territory by the troops of nazi Germany

Сюжетна структурованість новел-легенд Петра Могили

The article deals with the legends by -etro Mohyla in general narrative theory context

Toward a harmonization of national sustainability requirements and criteria for solid biomass

This paper compares national sustainability support schemes and sustainability requirements in four countries that import solid biomass for heat and power generation: Belgium, Denmark, the UK, and the Netherlands. The paper also reviews voluntary certification schemes for solid biomass that may be used to demonstrate sustainability compliance. In the absence of mandatory EU criteria for solid biomass, different national support schemes and sustainability requirements may present barriers to trade. This paper identifies some possibilities for harmonization and provides suggestions for policymakers for the improvement and alignment of national sustainability requirements. Ultimately the paper suggests establishing a harmonized certification scheme in the short term based on legislative requirements in the four countries and in voluntary initiatives. The proposed harmonized certification scheme may also reduce both implementation costs and complexity for biomass suppliers and generators. In the long term, the paper recommends binding criteria on sustainability requirements for solid biomass at EU level

The price for biofuels sustainability

The production and usage of biofuels has increased worldwide, seeking goals of energy security, lowcarbonenergy and rural development. As biofuels trade increased, the European Union introducedsustainability regulations in an attempt to reduce the risks associated with biofuels. Producers were thenconfronted with costs of sustainability certification, in order to access the EU market. Hopes were thatsustainably-produced biofuels would be rewarded with higher prices in the EU. Based on a review ofrecent literature, interviews with traders and price data from Platts, this paper explores whethersustainability premiums emerged and if so, did they represent an attracting feature in the market forsustainable biofuels. This article finds that premiums for ethanol and biodiesel evolved differentlybetween 2011 and 2012, but have been in general very small or inexistent, with certified fuels becomingthe new norm in the market. For different reasons, there has been an apparent convergence betweenbiofuel policies in the EU and the US. As market operators perceive a long-term trend for full certificationin the biofuels market, producers in developing countries are likely to face additional challenges in termsof finance and capacity to cope with the sustainability requirements.QC 20140519</p

Opportunities and barriers for international bioenergy trade

Recently, the international trade of various bioenergy commodities has grown rapidly, yet this growth is also hampered by some barriers. The aim of this paper is to obtain an overview of what market actors currently perceive as major opportunities and barriers for the development of international bioenergy trade. The work focuses on three bioenergy commodities: bioethanol, biodiesel and wood pellets. Data were collected through an internet-based questionnaire. The majority of the 141 respondents had an industrial background. Geographically, two-thirds were from (mainly Western) Europe, with other minor contributions from all other continents. Results show that import tariffs and the implementation of sustainability certification systems are perceived as (potentially) major barriers for the trade of bioethanol and biodiesel, while logistics are seen mainly as an obstacle for wood pellets. Development of technical standards was deemed more as an opportunity than a barrier for all commodities. Most important drivers were high fossil fuel prices and climate change mitigation policies. Concluding, to overcome some of the barriers, specific actions will be required by market parties and policy makers. Import tariffs for biofuels could be reduced or abolished, linked to multinational trade agreements and harmonization (including provisions on technical standards and sustainability requirements).Bioenergy trade Biodiesel Wood pellets