Paperi- ja terästeollisuuden tuotannonsuunnittelumenetelmät

Tämän diplomityön tarkoituksena on ollut tutkia, kuinka paperiteollisuuden tuotannon suunnittelun eroavat ja yhtenevät terästeollisuuden tuotannon suunnittelun kanssa. Tavoitteena on ollut tutustua tuotannon suunnitteluun ja sen ongelmiin ensin yleisellä tasolla, minkä jälkeen on keskitytty kuvaamaan tarkemmin tarkastelussa olevien teollisuudenalojen erityispiirteitä. Lopuksi on tehty prosessien vertailuja ja johtopäätöksiä niistä löydetyistä yhtäläisyyksistä. Työssä on kuvattu sekä paperin että teräksen tuotantoprosessit ja materiaalivirrat. Karkealla tasolla tarkasteltuna prosessit ovat hyvinkin samantyyliset, koska kummassakin prosessissa juoksevassa muodossa olevista raaka-aineista valmistetaan ensin isompi yksikkö, joka paloitellaan pienemmiksi palasiksi asiakkaiden tilausten mukaan. Syvemmät prosessien tarkastelut tuovat kuitenkin esiin niiden ainutlaatuiset erityispiirteet, jotka vaikeuttavat tuotannon suunnittelua ja yhtäläisyyksien löytämistä. Eräs työn alkuperäisistä tavoitteista oli tehdä abstraktiot molemmista prosesseista, minkä avulla niiden samankaltaisuudet tulisivat parhaiten esille. Työn edistyessä kävi kuitenkin ilmi, että syvempien abstraktioiden tekeminen ei ollut järkevää ja parempiin tuloksiin päästäisiin vertailemalla prosesseja rinnakkain ilman harhaanjohtavia yleistyksiä. Paperikone on hyvin merkittävässä roolissa koko tuotannon ajoituksen ja suunnittelun kannalta. Paperiteollisuudessa suurin hävikki aiheutuu yleensä lajinvaihdoista ja trimmihukasta. Lajinvaihdoista aiheutuvan hukan minimoimiseksi eri paperilaatujen tuotanto-ohjelma suunnitellaan sykliseksi, jolloin paperin ominaisuudet muuttuvat vain vähän kerrallaan ja lajinvaihtohukka on pieni. Toinen tärkeä suunnittelun kohde on siis trimmitys. Sen tarkoituksena on suunnitella emorullan leikkauskohdat siten, että pystytään hyödyntämään käytettävissä oleva rullaleveys ja -pituus mahdollisimman tarkasti huomioiden samalla asiakkaiden vaatimukset. Terästeollisuudesta ei ole löydettävissä paperiteollisuutta vastaavaa syklisyyttä. Siellä tärkein suunnittelukohde on sulaton ajoitus ja käytössä olevan konvertterikoon mahdollisimman tarkka hyödyntäminen. Paperiteollisuudesta tuttua lajinvaihto-ongelmaa ei itse teräksen teossa ole. Sen sijaan muut tuotannon yksikköprosessit vaativat tarkkaa suunnittelua juuri lajinvaihtojen osalta. Tuotteiden erilaiset paksuudet, leveydet ja lämpötilat ovat ongelmana terästuotannon jatkuvatoimisissa linjoissa, sillä peräkkäisten tuotteiden ominaisuudet eivät saisi poiketa toisistaan liian paljon. Koska teräksestä tehdään paperin tapaan määrämittaisia levyjä ja nauhoja, paperiteollisuuden kaltaiset trimmitys- ja leikkuuongelmat tulevat esille sielläkin. Teräksen teossa leikkuuongelma ei kuitenkaan ole yhtä merkittävä kuin paperin teossa, sillä lopputuotteiden mitat voidaan huomioida jo aihiokokoa suunniteltaessa. Paperiteollisuuden tuotannon suunnittelu on paljon pidemmälle vietyä ja kokonaisvaltaisempaa kuin terästeollisuudessa. Tähän vaikuttaa prosessien erilainen luonne ja paperin lyhyempi valmistusaika. Teräksen teossa on myös paljon enemmän erillisiä tuotantovaiheita kuin paperin valmistuksessa

Protective coloration of European vipers throughout the predation sequence

Antipredator adaptations in the form of animal coloration are common and often multifunctional. European vipers (genus Vipera) have a characteristic dorsal zigzag pattern, which has been shown to serve as a warning signal to potential predators. At the same time, it has been suggested to decrease detection risk, and to cause a motion dazzle or flicker-fusion effect during movement. We tested these hypotheses by asking whether (1) the zigzag pattern decreases detection risk and (2) the detection is dependent on the base coloration (grey or brown) or the snake's posture (coiled, basking form or S-shaped, active form). Additionally, (3) we measured the fleeing speed of adders, Vipera berus, and calculated the flicker rate of the zigzag pattern, to see whether it is fast enough to cause a flicker-fusion effect against predators. Our results show that the zigzag pattern reduced detectability regardless of base coloration or posture of the snake. The brown zigzag morph was detected less often than the grey zigzag morph. The fleeing speed of adders appeared to be fast enough to induce a flicker-fusion effect for mammalian predators. However, it is unlikely to be fast enough to induce the flicker-fusion effect for raptors. Our findings highlight that the colour pattern of animals can be multifunctional. The same colour pattern that can decrease detection by predators can also serve as a warning function once detected, and potentially hinder capture during an attack. (c) 2020 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Peer reviewe

Context-dependent coloration of prey and predator decision making in contrasting light environments

A big question in behavioral ecology is what drives diversity of color signals. One possible explanation is that environmental conditions, such as light environment, may alter visual signaling of prey, which could affect predator decision-making. Here, we tested the context-dependent predator selection on prey coloration. In the first experiment, we tested detectability of artificial visual stimuli to blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus) by manipulating stimulus luminance and chromatic context of the background. We expected the presence of the chromatic context to facilitate faster target detection. As expected, blue tits found targets on chromatic yellow background faster than on achromatic grey background whereas in the latter, targets were found with smaller contrast differences to the background. In the second experiment, we tested the effect of two light environments on the survival of aposematic, color polymorphic wood tiger moth (Arctia plantaginis). As luminance contrast should be more detectable than chromatic contrast in low light intensities, we expected birds, if they find the moths aversive, to avoid the white morph which is more conspicuous than the yellow morph in low light (and vice versa in bright light). Alternatively, birds may attack first moths that are more detectable. We found birds to attack yellow moths first in low light conditions, whereas white moths were attacked first more frequently in bright light conditions. Our results show that light environments affect predator foraging decisions, which may facilitate context-dependent selection on visual signals and diversity of prey phenotypes in the wild. Light environments are constantly changing and may alter visual appearance of prey, but also bias predators' decision making. Our findings using blue tits in visual search tasks and the wood tiger moth prey under two light environments demonstrate that birds show context-dependent predatory behavior. This suggests that light environments can play a major selective role and influence visual signaling in the wild.Peer reviewe

Evaluating responses to temperature during pre-metamorphosis and carry-over effects at post-metamorphosis in the wood tiger moth (Arctia plantaginis)

Insect metamorphosis is one of the most recognized processes delimiting transitions between phenotypes. It has been traditionally postulated as an adaptive process decoupling traits between life stages, allowing evolutionary independence of pre- and post-metamorphic phenotypes. However, the degree of autonomy between these life stages varies depending on the species and has not been studied in detail over multiple traits simultaneously. Here, we reared full-sib larvae of the warningly coloured wood tiger moth (Arctia plantaginis) in different temperatures and examined their responses for phenotypic (melanization change, number of moults), gene expression (RNA-seq and qPCR of candidate genes for melanization and flight performance) and life-histories traits (pupal weight, and larval and pupal ages). In the emerging adults, we examined their phenotypes (melanization and size) and compared them at three condition proxies: heat absorption (ability to engage flight), flight metabolism (ability to sustain flight) and overall flight performance. We found that some larval responses, as evidenced by gene expression and change in melanization, did not have an effect on the adult (i.e. size and wing melanization), whereas other adult traits such as heat absorption, body melanization and flight performance were found to be impacted by rearing temperature. Adults reared at high temperature showed higher resting metabolic rate, lower body melanization, faster heating rate, lower body temperature at take-off and inferior flight performance than cold-reared adults. Thus our results did not unambiguously support the environment-matching hypothesis. Our results illustrate the importance of assessing multiple traits across life stages as these may only be partly decoupled by metamorphosis. This article is part of the theme issue 'The evolution of complete metamorphosis'.Peer reviewe

Nivel de conocimiento y capacidad de respuesta del profesional de Enfermería frente a emergencias con trauma, Hospital Vitarte 2017

La investigación tuvo como objetivo principal determinar la relación entre el nivel de conocimiento y la capacidad de respuesta del profesional de Enfermería frente a las emergencias con trauma en el Hospital Vitarte, Lima agosto -setiembre 2017. Se desarrolló un estudio de investigación de tipo descriptivo correlacional y transversal para alcanzar los objetivos, se aplicó un cuestionario a 20 enfermeros que laboran en el área de emergencia, con una confiabilidad de Alfa de Cronbach de 0.895. Entre sus resultados, encontramos que no existe asociación significativa entre el nivel de conocimiento del trauma y la capacidad de respuesta (P-value=0.07411), también describe que no existe una asociación significativa entre el nivel de conocimiento sobre cinemática del trauma y la capacidad de respuesta (P-value=0.5272), por otro parte también determinó que no existe una asociación significativa entre el nivel de conocimiento sobre colisiones vehiculares y la capacidad de respuesta (P-value=0.6002), el mismo estudio determinó que no existe una asociación significativa entre el nivel de conocimiento sobre caídas y la capacidad de respuesta (P-value=0.1255). En conclusión, se estableció con un 95% de confianza que, no existe asociación significativa entre las variables nivel de conocimiento y capacidad de respuesta del profesional de Enfermería frente a las emergencias con trauma en el Hospital Vitarte, Lima agosto - setiembre 2017 (P-value=0.52).Tesi

Hard to catch : experimental evidence supports evasive mimicry

Most research on aposematism has focused on chemically defended prey, but the signalling difficulty of capture remains poorly explored. Similar to classical Batesian and Mullerian mimicry related to distastefulness, such 'evasive aposematism' may also lead to convergence in warning colours, known as evasive mimicry. A prime candidate group for evasive mimicry are Adelpha butterflies, which are agile insects and show remarkable colour pattern convergence. We tested the ability of naive blue tits to learn to avoid and generalize Adelpha wing patterns associated with the difficulty of capture and compared their response to that of birds that learned to associate the same wing patterns with distastefulness. Birds learned to avoid all wing patterns tested and generalized their aversion to other prey to some extent, but learning was faster with evasive prey compared to distasteful prey. Our results on generalization agree with longstanding observations of striking convergence in wing colour patterns among Adelpha species, since, in our experiments, perfect mimics of evasive and distasteful models were always protected during generalization and suffered the lowest attack rate. Moreover, generalization on evasive prey was broader compared to that on distasteful prey. Our results suggest that being hard to catch may deter predators at least as effectively as distastefulness. This study provides empirical evidence for evasive mimicry, a potentially widespread but poorly understood form of morphological convergence driven by predator selection.Peer reviewe

Geographic mosaic of selection by avian predators on hindwing warning colour in a polymorphic aposematic moth

Warning signals are predicted to develop signal monomorphism via positive frequency-dependent selection (+FDS) albeit many aposematic systems exhibit signal polymorphism. To understand this mismatch, we conducted a large-scale predation experiment in four countries, among which the frequencies of hindwing warning coloration of the aposematic moth,Arctia plantaginis,differ. Here we show that selection by avian predators on warning colour is predicted by local morph frequency and predator community composition. We found +FDS to be the strongest in monomorphic Scotland and lowest in polymorphic Finland, where the attack risk of moth morphs depended on the local avian community. +FDS was also found where the predator community was the least diverse (Georgia), whereas in the most diverse avian community (Estonia), hardly any models were attacked. Our results support the idea that spatial variation in predator communities alters the strength or direction of selection on warning signals, thus facilitating a geographic mosaic of selection.Peer reviewe

Predators' consumption of unpalatable prey does not vary as a function of bitter taste perception

Abstract Many prey species contain defensive chemicals that are described as tasting bitter. Bitter taste perception is, therefore, assumed to be important when predators are learning about prey defenses. However, it is not known how individuals differ in their response to bitter taste, and how this influences their foraging decisions. We conducted taste perception assays in which wild-caught great tits (Parus major) were given water with increasing concentrations of bitter-tasting chloroquine diphosphate until they showed an aversive response to bitter taste. This response threshold was found to vary considerably among individuals, ranging from chloroquine concentrations of 0.01 mmol/L to 8 mmol/L. We next investigated whether the response threshold influenced the consumption of defended prey during avoidance learning by presenting birds with novel palatable and defended prey in a random sequence until they refused to attack defended prey. We predicted that individuals with taste response thresholds at lower concentrations would consume fewer defended prey before rejecting them, but found that the response threshold had no effect on the birds’ foraging choices. Instead, willingness to consume defended prey was influenced by the birds’ body condition. This effect was age- and sex-dependent, with adult males attacking more of the defended prey when their body condition was poor, whereas body condition did not have an effect on the foraging choices of juveniles and females. Together, our results suggest that even though taste perception might be important for recognizing prey toxicity, other factors, such as predators’ energetic state, drive the decisions to consume chemically defended prey.</jats:p

Viral RNase3 Co-Localizes and Interacts with the Antiviral Defense Protein SGS3 in Plant Cells

Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus (SPCSV; family Closteroviridae) encodes a Class 1 RNase III endoribonuclease (RNase3) that suppresses post-transcriptional RNA interference (RNAi) and eliminates antiviral defense in sweetpotato plants (Ipomoea batatas). For RNAi suppression, RNase3 cleaves double-stranded small interfering RNAs (ds-siRNA) and long dsRNA to fragments that are too short to be utilized in RNAi. However, RNase3 can suppress only RNAi induced by sense RNA. Sense-mediated RNAi involves host suppressor of gene silencing 3 (SGS3) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 6 (RDR6). In this study, subcellular localization and host interactions of RNase3 were studied in plant cells. RNase3 was found to interact with SGS3 of sweetpotato and Arabidopsis thaliana when expressed in leaves, and it localized to SGS3/RDR6 bodies in the cytoplasm of leaf cells and protoplasts. RNase3 was also detected in the nucleus. Co-expression of RNase3 and SGS3 in leaf tissue enhanced the suppression of RNAi, as compared with expression of RNase3 alone. These results suggest additional mechanisms needed for efficient RNase3-mediated suppression of RNAi and provide new information about the subcellular context and phase of the RNAi pathway in which RNase3 realizes RNAi suppression.Peer reviewe