The use of nanoparticles in the formulation of essential oils

زمینه و هدف: نانوتکنولوژی توانایی کنترل ویژگی های مواد در مقیاس اتمی و مولکولی است. حوزه پزشکی مدرن و داروسازی هم تحت تأثیر این فناوری قرار گرفته است. در این زمینه بیشترین تمرکز تحقیقاتی بر درون گیری ترکیبات فعال دارویی مخصوصاً داروهای سایتوتوکسیک بوده است. اسانس ها ترکیباتی هستند که کاربردهای درمانی و بهداشتی و آرایشی دارند. آن ها مخلوط پیچیده ای از انواع مولکول های فرار آروماتیک و آلیفاتیک هستند. استفاده از اسانس ها به عنوان عوامل ضد باکتری، ضد ویروس، ضد قارچ، ضد انگل و ضد حشره سابقه‌ای به قدمت تاریخ دارد. امروزه نانوتکنولوژی در جهت رفع عیوب آن ها وارد عمل شده و به بهبود حلالیت و کاهش فراریت کمک کرده است. هدف از مطالعه حاضر بررسی کاربرد نانوتکنولوژی و نانوذرات مختلف در درون گیری اسانس ها و نقش آن ها در بهبود اثرات درمانی و پایداری آن ها می باشد. روش بررسی: در مطالعه حاضر داده ها (با استفاده از کلمات کلیدی نانوذرات شناخته‌شده شامل نانوذرات لیپیدی جامد، لیپوزوم، امولسیون، سیکلودکسترین، نانوذرات مغناطیسی) از پایگاه‌های داده های الکترونیکی شامل Pubmed، Google Scholar، Magiran، Irandoc، IranMedex و پایگاه داده‌های علمی جمع آوری شد. یافته ها: با توجه به ماهیت فیزیکی اسانس ها، دو دسته از نانوحامل ها بیشتر استفاده شده است. دسته اول حامل های لیپیدی از جمله لیپوزوم ها، نانوذرات لیپیدی جامد، نانوامولسیون ها و میکروامولسیون ها هستند. دسته دوم شامل فرمولاسیون های حاوی نانوذرات پلیمری است که سبب بهبود قابل‌ توجه فعالیت ضد میکروبی اسانس‌ها شده اند. سیکلودکسترین ها و نانوذرات مغناطیسی هم در انتها اشاره شده است. نتیجه گیری: فناوری نانو و استفاده از نانوذرات سبب افزایش پایداری شیمیایی اسانس‌ها شده است، به‌علاوه کاهش سمیت و عوارض جانبی حاصل از آن را به همراه داشته است

The study and feasibility of down stream area of Yamchi Dam for aquaculture development in Ardabil Province

The research conducted for finding of aquaculture potential and appropriate areas of Yamchi dam downstream river and estimate of its production in 2010-2012. This research done by using of available information and data obtained from the monthly and seasonally sampling. Results showed that river access routes of left side to right were more suitable. The maximum distance of infrastructure facilities was one kilometer. Climate and weather data suggests that downstream area Yamchi dam was not suitable for warm water species aquaculture, while it was ideal for coldwater aquaculture. Also, physical and chemical results showed that almost all of the factors were suitable for growing trout. Heavy metals amounts were measured in the standard limit and iron, cupper, zinc, lead, chromium, cadmium and nickel had highest values, respectively. Bacillariophyta branch abundance of phytoplankton was dominant as showed suitable water quality. Benthos investigation demonstrated that the aquaculture activities is acceptable. In ichthyology studies identified 5 species Cyprinidae and 1 species Nemacheilidae family. Investigation of available underground wells and geophysical studies showed that alluvium area is made up from two parts of clayey surface ground and underground with good permeability and the lower part is affected from the upper part. In areas where both part of the alluvium formed there is a water layer about 20 to 30 meters thick as it is possible to build wells. But in areas without lower part faced with unreliable surface water layer that affected from river flows. Totally, varius method suggested for trout culture include of race way, octagonal pond and semi-recircultaion. In the present condition of Yamchi river the amount of trout production is predicted at least 65 ton by race way to maximum 1750 ton by semi-recircultaion method. Whiles, if 2 cubic meters of water from Yamchi dam outlet allocated to aquaculture can be predicted at least 580 ton by race way to maximum 4000 ton by semi-recircultaion method

Explaining the Status of Soft Skills Training in Dentistry Profession in Basic Sciences Courses and Identifying the Capabilities of These Courses for the Process-Oriented Integration of Soft Skills

Background: The dentistry profession requires a high level of soft skills whose training seems necessary to respond to the community and increase the quality of specialized practice. Objectives: The present study was conducted to examine the status of soft skills training in dentistry basic sciences courses and identify the capabilities of each basic sciences course for the process-oriented integration of soft skills in the dentistry profession. Methods: The present qualitative study was conducted in 2018-2019.Semi-structured interviews were used to collect the data. The study’s statistical population included the faculty members of the basic sciences of Isfahan and Mazandaran universities of medical sciences Iran, using purposive sampling. Moreover, the content analysis method was used to analyze the data. Results: Soft skills training in the dentistry profession was not one of the educational objectives of basic sciences courses in this field, and teaching and evaluation methods used by professors had less capability to develop these skills. Additionally, the results showed that most of the identified soft skills in five domains had the integration capability in most basic sciences courses. Only some differences were observed in the integration of soft skills in the cognitiveintellectual domain. Conclusion: It is suggested to include soft skills training in the objectives of dentistry basic sciences courses and consider the capabilities of each course and curricula to correct teaching and evaluation methods in this regard. Furthermore, it is recommended to strengthen the capabilities of basic sciences professors to integrate soft skills. Keywords: Soft skills, Dentistry, Integratio

Low Level Laser Therapy in Management of Complications after Intra Oral Surgeries

One of the basic purposes in dental treatment is providing a painless treatment for patients. This purpose may be achieved by the application of laser in dentistry. Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) is an internationally accepted title for biomodulation with low-level lasers which we use to achieve ideal therapeutic effects. Low-level laser therapy is a painless, reproducible, non-invasive, and without need of anesthesia treatment which is used to treat a variety of pain syndromes, injuries, wounds, fractures, neurological conditions and pathologies. Laser therapy works on the principle of inducing a biological response through energy transfer. The parameters that used in laser therapy determine the effective depth of penetration. We can mention anti-inflammatory effects, stimulation of wound healing, stimulation of immune system, increase of blood flow and activation of vasodilatation, increase of cellular metabolism and analgesic effects as advantages of the application of this type of laser. The aim of this review study was to evaluate the effect of low-level laser therapy after oral surgeries

Effects of Preemptive and Preventive intravenous Paracetamol on postoperative pain and opioid consumption in patients undergoing laparoscopic nephrectomy

Background: Adequate pain control is a goal in post operative recovery. However opioids provide good analgesic effects, their side effects such as postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) limit their administration. Intravenous Paracetamol as a safe and well tolerated drug with lower side effects can be used instead of opioids for pain management.Objectives: The aim of this study is to compare preemptive or preventive administration of paracetamol with placebo group to investigate its effects on pain control and opioid consumption in patients undergoing laparoscopic nephrectomy.Patients and Methods: Ninety patients were randomly divided to three groups. Preemptive group received 1 gr paracetamol in 100 ml normal saline 30 minutes before induction of anesthesia, Preventive group received 1 gr paracetamol in 100 ml normal saline before closure of the skin and placebo group just received 100 ml normal saline. Post surgical pain was assessed using Verbal Rating Scale (VRS). Pethidine 0.25 mg/kg was administered and repeated each 10 minutes to control pain. Pain scores, total dose of opioid and symptoms like nausea and vomiting were recorded. Results: Preemptive and Preventive groups had lower pain scores than placebo group. Opioid consumption and PONV were significantly higher in placebo group. No significant differences were observed between Preemptive and Preventive groups.Conclusion: IV Paracetamol can provide an adequate pain control with low side effects and may be an effective choice in management of post operative pain in patients undergoing laparoscopic nephrectom

Design and Evaluation of a Mobile-Based Application for Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: Case Study of Shariati Hospital in Tehran, Iran

Background: With regard to the particularly high prevalence, cost, and number of disabilities associated with diabetes, increasing patients’ knowledge and skills for managing the disease can help minimize the risks of complications. Objective: The present study aimed to design and evaluate a mobile-based application with which patients with type 2 diabetes can increase their knowledge of and skills for managing their disease. Methods: The current developmental-applied study was conducted in 2016 in a library and used a 2-step sectional format. The research population comprised 15 physicians and endocrinologists working in medical centers associated with Tehran University of Medical Sciences and 20 physicians and patients. Based on the library study, a checklist was designed and then distributed among participants. Their responses were analyzed using SPSS software version 20. Results: The data was divided into 4 main sections: identity information (patient demographics), clinical information, education curriculum related to diabetes management, and program requirements for diabetes management, which consisted of 52 subsets. The evaluation of the system by doctors and patients showed that the system has high capabilities. Conclusion: Mobile-based programs can help diabetics control blood glucose levels, reduce diabetes complications, and promote overall health

Primary Adenocarcinoma of the Urethra: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Abstract Primary adenocarcinoma of the urethra is rarely reported. We report a case of a 47-year-old male with symptoms of urinary obstruction started 2 years before diagnosis. Video-assisted urethrocystoscopy revealed a papillary mass almost obstructing the entire lumen with bleeding. Pathology report was consistent with primary adenocarcinoma of the urethra

The study of rearing density effect on growth and survival of fingerlings Kutum, Rutilus kutum, with Caspian Sea water

Rutilus kutum is one of the most important economic fish species of Iranian costal of Caspian Sea. This species conducted more than 60% of fish caught in Caspian Sea annually, and more than 10 thousands fisherman engaged to its fishery. In present study, kutum fingerlings reared in two different densities include of 25 and 40 fish/m^2 with mean weight of 17.5±5.87 g. The period of test being planned 10 weeks and the test organism housed in circular concrete pools of 3 m^3 capacity with flowing water and aeration in pools are supplied. The fishes feed by extrude food with 45% crude protein and 14% crude fat. After termination of the experiment, the result showed that weight gain performance, specific growth rate, condition factor, food efficiency rate and protein efficiency rate decreased, while food conversion ratio increased with rising of density, as their different was significance in two experimental treatments (p<0.05). The kutum reared in low density showed significantly higher survival rate (SVR) (with 88.8%) than high density (with 76.9%) (p<0.05). Based on the different observed effects of the density on growth and survival, it is recommended the use of a 25 kutum/m^2 density for rearing by Caspian Sea water

The study and feasibility of Cheshmeh-Ali River and down stream area of Shahid Shah-Charaghy Dam in Damghan for aquaculture development

This research was conducted to finding of Cheshmeh-Ali and Shahcheraghi-Dam downstream areas potential for developing of aquaculture industry. The present study was conducted based on available information and data from monthly and seasonally sampling including geographical area, margin lands and fluctuations of river water, seasonal climatic changes view point of rainfall, temperature, wet, evaporation, wind velocity, sunshine hours, frost and also chemical and physical parameters of water including temperature, alkalinity, total hardness, chloride, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, organic phosphorous and nitrogen, suspended solids, turbidity, water flow and flood conditions, and in addition phytoplankton and zooplankton communities, macrobenthic invertebrates, fishes, aquatic plants, amphibians, reptiles, birds. Results showed that the upstream and downstream regions of Shahcheraghi dam are not suitable for warm water aquaculture in earthen ponds. But view point of cold-water aquaculture, particularly trout, there are some good situations. Also it can be suggested different culture systems including of race way, octagonal concrete ponds, semi-circulation and circulation methods. But, due to water restrictions in the area, semi-circulation and circulation system is preferred. In ideal conditions can be produced about 1,600 tones of trout, if all the capacity of this area be used for aquaculture. Otherwise, in limited circumstances view point of exploitation possibility of the water, only about 700 tons can be produced. In addition, there were appropriate facilities in spring area of Cheshmehali for tourism industry, that it can be considered as priorities for economic development in the region. Due to the low sensitivity of the ecologically conditions, native or exotic aquatic species rearing in indoor methods can be recommended