1,002 research outputs found
Elastic instability in stratified core annular flow
We study experimentally the interfacial instability between a layer of dilute
polymer solution and water flowing in a thin capillary. The use of microfluidic
devices allows us to observe and quantify in great detail the features of the
flow. At low velocities, the flow takes the form of a straight jet, while at
high velocities, steady or advected wavy jets are produced. We demonstrate that
the transition between these flow regimes is purely elastic -- it is caused by
viscoelasticity of the polymer solution only. The linear stability analysis of
the flow in the short-wave approximation captures quantitatively the flow
diagram. Surprisingly, unstable flows are observed for strong velocities,
whereas convected flows are observed for low velocities. We demonstrate that
this instability can be used to measure rheological properties of dilute
polymer solutions that are difficult to assess otherwise.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure
Phase field modeling of electrochemistry I: Equilibrium
A diffuse interface (phase field) model for an electrochemical system is
developed. We describe the minimal set of components needed to model an
electrochemical interface and present a variational derivation of the governing
equations. With a simple set of assumptions: mass and volume constraints,
Poisson's equation, ideal solution thermodynamics in the bulk, and a simple
description of the competing energies in the interface, the model captures the
charge separation associated with the equilibrium double layer at the
electrochemical interface. The decay of the electrostatic potential in the
electrolyte agrees with the classical Gouy-Chapman and Debye-H\"uckel theories.
We calculate the surface energy, surface charge, and differential capacitance
as functions of potential and find qualitative agreement between the model and
existing theories and experiments. In particular, the differential capacitance
curves exhibit complex shapes with multiple extrema, as exhibited in many
electrochemical systems.Comment: v3: To be published in Phys. Rev. E v2: Added link to
cond-mat/0308179 in References 13 pages, 6 figures in 15 files, REVTeX 4,
SIUnits.sty. Precedes cond-mat/030817
Modeling diffusion of intracellular metabolites in the mouse brain up to very high diffusion-weighting: Diffusion in long fibers (almost) accounts for non-monoexponential attenuation
Purpose: To investigate how intracellular metabolites diffusion measured in vivo up to very high q/b in the mouse brain can be explained in terms of simple geometries. / Methods: 10 mice were scanned using our new STEâLASER sequence, at 11.7 Tesla (T), up to qmaxâ=â1âÎŒmâ1 at diffusion time tdâ=â63.2 ms, corresponding to bmaxâ=â60 ms/”mÂČ. We model cell fibers as randomly oriented cylinders, with radius a and intracellular diffusivity urn:x-wiley:07403194:media:mrm26548:mrm26548-math-0004, and fit experimental data as a function of q to estimate urn:x-wiley:07403194:media:mrm26548:mrm26548-math-0005 and a. / Results: Randomly oriented cylinders account well for measured attenuation, giving fiber radii and urn:x-wiley:07403194:media:mrm26548:mrm26548-math-0006 in the expected ranges (0.5â1.5â”m and 0.30â0.45â”m2/ms, respectively). The only exception is Nâacetylâaspartate (NAA) (extracted aâŒ0), which we show to be compatible with a small fraction of the NAA pool being confined in highly restricted compartments (with short T2). / Conclusion: The nonâmonoexponential signal attenuation of intracellular metabolites in the mouse brain can be described by diffusion in long and thin cylinders, yielding realistic Dintra and fiber diameters. However, this simple model may require small âcorrectionsâ for NAA, in the form of a small fraction of the NAA signal originating from a highly restricted compartment
A Practical Catalytic Reductive Amination of Carboxylic Acids
We report reductive alkylation reactions of amines using carboxylic acids as nominal electrophiles. The two-step reaction exploits the dual reactivity of phenylsilane and involves a silane-mediated amidation followed by a Zn(OAc)2-catalyzed amide reduction. The reaction is applicable to a wide range of amines and carboxylic acids and has been demonstrated on a large scale (305 mmol of amine). The rate differential between the reduction of tertiary and secondary amide intermediates is exemplified in a convergent synthesis of the antiretroviral medicine maraviroc. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that a residual 0.5 equivalents of carboxylic acid from the amidation step is responsible for the generation of silane reductants with augmented reactivity, which allow secondary amides, previously unreactive in zinc/phenylsilane systems, to be reduced
On twisted Fourier analysis and convergence of Fourier series on discrete groups
We study norm convergence and summability of Fourier series in the setting of
reduced twisted group -algebras of discrete groups. For amenable groups,
F{\o}lner nets give the key to Fej\'er summation. We show that Abel-Poisson
summation holds for a large class of groups, including e.g. all Coxeter groups
and all Gromov hyperbolic groups. As a tool in our presentation, we introduce
notions of polynomial and subexponential H-growth for countable groups w.r.t.
proper scale functions, usually chosen as length functions. These coincide with
the classical notions of growth in the case of amenable groups.Comment: 35 pages; abridged, revised and update
Property (RD) for Hecke pairs
As the first step towards developing noncommutative geometry over Hecke
C*-algebras, we study property (RD) (Rapid Decay) for Hecke pairs. When the
subgroup H in a Hecke pair (G,H) is finite, we show that the Hecke pair (G,H)
has (RD) if and only if G has (RD). This provides us with a family of examples
of Hecke pairs with property (RD). We also adapt Paul Jolissant's works in 1989
to the setting of Hecke C*-algebras and show that when a Hecke pair (G,H) has
property (RD), the algebra of rapidly decreasing functions on the set of double
cosets is closed under holomorphic functional calculus of the associated
(reduced) Hecke C*-algebra. Hence they have the same K_0-groups.Comment: A short note added explaining other methods to prove that the
subalgebra of rapidly decreasing functions is smooth. This is the final
version as published. The published version is available at: springer.co
Aquaculture system diversity and sustainable development : fish farms and their representation
Initiatives for the sustainable development of aquaculture have so far focused on the production of codes of conduct, of best management practices, of standards etc., most of which have been developed by international organisations, the industrial sector and non governmental organisations. They were, to a large extent, produced using a "top down" process and inspired by models from intensive industrial shrimp and sea fish farming (mainly salmon). However, most of global aquaculture production comes from small-and medium-sized farms, essentially in Asia which contributes 92% of the total world aquaculture production volume. The objective of this article is to define the contours of systemic typologies that are able to express the sustainability conditions of aquaculture systems. The proposed approach builds on surveys of aquaculture systems which differ in terms of their biogeographical nature (temperate/tropical and north/south countries) or their farming techniques and their governance systems. This work is a prerequisite to any attempt at an individualised and comparative evaluation of specific aquaculture systems from either global or territorial viewpoints. In order to go beyond the cleavage of a typology based on the differentiation between developed and developing countries, three typologies were produced. These typologies allow for discriminatory variables to be identified such as for example the marketing methods or the pace of innovation: a structural typology, a functional typology and a systemic typology. Finally, the representations of aquaculture activity and of its sustainability that producers have of the 4 different types that emerge from the systemic typology were recorded and analyzed
Towards generalized measures grasping CA dynamics
In this paper we conceive Lyapunov exponents, measuring the rate of separation between two initially close configurations, and Jacobians, expressing the sensitivity of a CA's transition function to its inputs, for cellular automata (CA) based upon irregular tessellations of the n-dimensional Euclidean space. Further, we establish a relationship between both that enables us to derive a mean-field approximation of the upper bound of an irregular CA's maximum Lyapunov exponent. The soundness and usability of these measures is illustrated for a family of 2-state irregular totalistic CA
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