Metabolic risk factors, physical activity and physical fitness in azorean adolescents: a cross-sectional study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The prevalence of metabolic syndrome has increased over the last few decades in adolescents and has become an important health challenge worldwide. This study analyzed the relationships between metabolic risk factors (MRF) and physical activity (PA) and physical fitness (PF) in a sample of Azorean adolescents.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A cross-sectional school-based study was conducted on 417 adolescents (243 girls) aged 15-18 from the Azorean Islands, Portugal. Height, weight, waist circumference, fasting glucose, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and blood pressure were measured. A sum of MRF was computed, and adolescents were classified into three groups: no MRF, one MRF and two or more MRF. PA was assessed by a sealed pedometer. PF was assessed using five tests from the Fitnessgram Test Battery. Dietary intake was obtained using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Mean daily steps for girls and boys were 7427 ± 2725 and 7916 ± 3936, respectively. Fifty-nine percent of the adolescents showed at least one MRF and 57.6% were under the healthy zone in the 20 m Shuttle Run Test. Ordinal logistic regression analysis showed that after adjusting for sex, body mass index, socio-economic status and adherence to a Mediterranean diet, adolescents who were in the highest quartile of the pedometer step/counts (≥9423 steps/day) and those who achieved the healthy zone in five tests were less likely to have one or more MRF (OR = 0.56;95%CI:0.33-0.95; OR = 0.55;95%CI:0.31-0.98, respectively).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Daily step counts and PF levels were negatively associated with having one or more MRF among Azorean adolescents. Our findings emphasize the importance of promoting and increasing regular PA and PF to reduce the public health burden of chronic diseases associated with a sedentary lifestyle.</p

Tree diversity and above-ground biomass in the South America Cerrado biome and their conservation implications

Less than half of the original two million square kilometers of the Cerrado vegetation remains standing, and there are still many uncertainties as to how to conserve and prioritize remaining areas effectively. A key limitation is the continuing lack of geographically-extensive evaluation of ecosystem-level properties across the biome. Here we sought to address this gap by comparing the woody vegetation of the typical cerrado of the Cerrado–Amazonia Transition with that of the core area of the Cerrado in terms of both tree diversity and vegetation biomass. We used 21 one-hectare plots in the transition and 18 in the core to compare key structural parameters (tree height, basal area, and above-ground biomass), and diversity metrics between the regions. We also evaluated the effects of temperature and precipitation on biomass, as well as explored the species diversity versus biomass relationship. We found, for the first time, both that the typical cerrado at the transition holds substantially more biomass than at the core, and that higher temperature and greater precipitation can explain this difference. By contrast, plot-level alpha diversity was almost identical in the two regions. Finally, contrary to some theoretical expectations, we found no positive relationship between species diversity and biomass for the Cerrado woody vegetation. This has implications for the development of effective conservation measures, given that areas with high biomass and importance for the compensation of greenhouse gas emissions are often not those with the greatest diversity

Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents’ growth and development

AbstractOptimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was &lt;1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified.</jats:p

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI 2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/images/research_banner_face_lab_290.jpgunderweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesity

Determinantes da adesão ao tratamento anti-retroviral em Brasília, DF: um estudo de caso-controle Determinants of antiretroviral treatment adherence in Brasília, Federal District: a case-control study

Buscou-se avaliar os fatores relacionados à adesão ao tratamento anti-retroviral no Distrito Federal. De 150 pacientes entrevistados em sete centros de referência, 35 não aderentes foram definidos como casos, sendo selecionados 70 controles aderentes, pareados por idade. Avaliaram-se variáveis sócio-demográficas, hábitos, suporte social, qualidade de vida, questões relacionadas a doença, estado clínico, tratamento e serviço. Na análise bivariada, houve associação da adesão com raça/cor, escolaridade, centros de referência em que faz acompanhamento e renda familiar. Após ajuste, cor parda, centros de referência localizado no Plano Piloto, escolaridade alta e receber apoio dos amigos quanto às necessidades permaneceram associados com adesão. Retirando raça/cor do modelo, mantiveram-se centros de referência, escolaridade, profissão, renda, apoio (contar com alguém que demonstre gostar de você) e satisfação com o atendimento na farmácia de dispensação. Além dos fatores já consolidados na literatura, questões relacionadas ao apoio no âmbito micro-social e aos serviços de assistência mostraram-se associados à observância terapêutica.<br>We sought to evaluate factors relating to adherence to antiretroviral treatment in the Federal District. Out of 150 patients interviewed at seven reference centers; 35 non-adherent subjects were considered to be cases; we selected 70 age-matched adherent individuals as controls. Variables relating to sociodemographics, habits, social support, quality of life, disease-related issues, clinical conditions, treatment and healthcare services were evaluated. Bivariate analysis showed that adherence was associated with race/color, educational level, the reference center where the patient was followed up and familial income. After adjustments, mixed race (parda), reference center location in central Brasília, high educational level and friends’ support for needs remained associated with adherence. After excluding race/color from the model, the reference center location, educational level, profession, income, support (being able to count on someone who demonstrably likes you) and satisfaction with the service at the pharmacy remained related to adherence. In addition to the factors already established in the literature, questions relating to support within the microsocial environment and the healthcare services were shown to be associated with therapeutic compliance

Saturação por bases no crescimento inicial e na produção de flavonóides totais da fava-d'anta Base saturation affecting the initial growth and production of total flavonoids of Dimorphandra molli

Com o objetivo de estudar o efeito da calagem, mediante a elevação da saturação por bases, sobre o crescimento e a produção de flavonóides totais de fava-d'anta cultivada em um solo de Cerrado de Minas Gerais, foi conduzido um experimento no Instituto de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, no período de outubro/2003 a fevereiro/2004. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, sendo cinco valores de saturação por bases: 10 (saturação natural), 25; 40; 55 e 70%, com seis repetições. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o aumento da saturação por bases diminuiu o crescimento e não influenciou o teor de flavonóides totais da fava-d'anta.<br>With the purpose of studying the effect of levels of base saturation upon the growth and total flavonoids production of Dimorphandra mollis cultivated on a soil originally under Savana of Minas Gerais State, Brazil, an experiment was conducted at the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, between October/2003 and February/2004. The experiment followed a completely randomized design with five values of base saturation (V%): 10 (natural saturation), 25; 40; 55 and 70%, and six replicates. The increase of base saturation led to a decrease of Dimorphandra mollis growth, and did not influence the total flavonoids plant concentration