¿De Qué Otra Forma Analizar Al Proyecto Mesoamérica? Reflexiones Desde La Economía Política Internacional Británica

Mesoamerica emerged in regional relations thanks to different cooperation strategies bet­ween Mexico, Central America, Colombia and the Dominican Republic that have resulted in what is known today as the Mesoamerica Inte­gration and Development Project. However, ten years after its creation, most of the studies in this regard are descriptive and use an ins­titutional approach that does not distinguish other relevant aspects such as the inclusion of nongovernmental actors and their partici­pation in this regional program. In order to make a first approach to these aspects within the Mesoamerica Project, this paper proposes the use of the International Political Economy theoretical approach of British origin, in the interest of identifying those analytical elements that will go beyond the traditional approach and deepen our knowledge of this program.El término Mesoamérica emergió en las rela­ciones regionales gracias a diferentes estrategias de cooperación entre México, Centroamérica, Colombia y República Dominicana que han derivado en lo que hoy se conoce como el Pro­yecto de Integración y Desarrollo de Mesoamé­rica. Sin embargo, a diez años de su creación, la mayor parte de los estudios al respecto son des­criptivos y emplean un enfoque institucional que no resalta otros aspectos relevantes, como la inclusión de actores no gubernamentales y su participación en este programa de desarrollo regional. Con el propósito de hacer un primer acercamiento a estos aspectos dentro del Pro­yecto Mesoamérica, en este trabajo se busca explorar el marco teórico de economía política internacional (EPI) de procedencia británica, con los fines de identificar aquellos elementos que permiten ir más allá de los análisis tradi­cionales y profundizar, a partir de ellos, en el conocimiento del mencionado programa

Structure and comparative analysis of the mitochondrial genomes of Liolaemus lizards with different modes of reproduction and ploidy levels

Liolaemus is the most specious genus of the Squamata lizards in South America, presenting exceptional evolutionary radiation and speciation patterns. This recent diversification complicates the formal taxonomic treatment and the phylogenetic analyses of this group, causing relationships among species to remain controversial. Here we used Next-Generation Sequencing to do a comparative analysis of the structure and organization of the complete mitochondrial genomes of three differently related species of Liolaemus and with different reproductive strategies and ploidy levels. The annotated mitochondrial genomes of ca. 17 kb are the first for the Liolaemidae family. Despite the high levels of sequence similarity among the three mitochondrial genomes over most of their lengths, the comparative analyses revealed variations at the stop codons of the protein coding genes and the structure of the tRNAs among species. The presence of a non-canonical dihydrouridine loop is a novelty for the pleurodonts iguanians. But the highest level of variability was observed in two repetitive sequences of the control region, which were responsible for most of the length heterogeneity of the mitochondrial genomes. These tandem repeats may be useful markers to analyze relationships of closely related species of Liolaemus and related genera and to conduct population and phylogenetic studies.Fil: Valdes, José Julian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; ArgentinaFil: Samoluk, Sergio Sebastián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; ArgentinaFil: Abdala, Cristian Simón. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - Tucumán. Unidad Ejecutora Lillo; ArgentinaFil: Baldo, Juan Diego. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas; ArgentinaFil: Seijo, José Guillermo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas; Argentin

Life or Death: Prognostic Value of a Resting EEG with Regards to Survival in Patients in Vegetative and Minimally Conscious States

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the potentially prognostic value of a resting state electroencephalogram (EEG) with regards to the clinical outcome from vegetative and minimally conscious states (VS and MCS) in terms of survival six months after a brain injury. METHODS: We quantified a dynamic repertoire of EEG oscillations in resting condition with eyes closed in patients in VS and MCS. The exact composition of EEG oscillations was assessed by analysing the probability-classification of short-term EEG spectral patterns. RESULTS: Results demonstrated that (a) the diversity and the variability of EEG for Non-Survivors were significantly lower than for Survivors; and (b) a higher probability of mostly delta and slow-theta oscillations occurring either alone or in combination were found during the first assessment for patients with a bad outcome (i.e., those who died) within six months of an injury compared to patients who survived. At the same time, patients with a good outcome (i.e., those who survived) after six months post-injury had a higher probability of mostly fast-theta and alpha oscillations occurring either alone or in combination during the first assessment when compared to patients who died within six months of an injury. CONCLUSIONS: Resting state EEGs properly analysed may have a potentially prognostic value with regards to the outcome from VS or MCS in terms of survival six months after a brain injury. SIGNIFICANCE: This work may have implications for clinical care, rehabilitative programmes and medical-legal decisions for patients with impaired consciousness states after being in a coma due to acute brain injuries

Formación universitaria humanismo y conocimiento

El libro está integrado por seis capítulos, los cuales representan el fruto de la investigación que desarrolla el Cuerpo Académico: “Estudios de la Universidad”, adscrito al Instituto de Estudios sobre la Universidad (IESU), de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. El propósito de los siguientes trabajos es abrir una serie de caminos que permitan pensar el ser y quehacer de la universidad en el siglo XXI. Los temas resaltan la necesidad e importancia de pensar la educación universitaria en pos de una formación que le dé sentido a la existencia humana.La función social de las universidades se ancla en la base de una formación del ser humano tanto en su ser como en la ciencia y el conocimiento. Formar significa construir desde sí mismo y para los otros la condición de la humanidad. La universidad en ese sentido tiene la tarea de promover en el universitario las condiciones para la formación de la persona, desde todo tipo de conocimientos y saberes. El propósito de los siguientes trabajos es abrir una serie de caminos que permitan pensar el ser y quehacer de la universidad en el siglo XXI. Los temas resaltan la necesidad e importancia de pensar la educación universitaria en pos de una formación que le dé sentido a la existencia humana.UAE

High-Intensity Exercise Reduces Cardiac Fibrosis and Hypertrophy but Does Not Restore the Nitroso-Redox Imbalance in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy

Diabetic cardiomyopathy refers to the manifestations in the heart as a result of altered glucose homeostasis, reflected as fibrosis, cellular hypertrophy, increased oxidative stress, and apoptosis, leading to ventricular dysfunction. Since physical exercise has been indicated as cardioprotective, we tested the hypothesis that high-intensity exercise training could reverse the cardiac maladaptations produced by diabetes. For this, diabetes was induced in rats by a single dose of alloxan. Diabetic rats were randomly assigned to a sedentary group or submitted to a program of exercise on a treadmill for 4 weeks at 80% of maximal performance. Another group of normoglycemic rats was used as control. Diabetic rat hearts presented cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and interstitial fibrosis. Chronic exercise reduced both parameters but increased apoptosis. Diabetes increased the myocardial levels of the mRNA and proteins of NADPH oxidases NOX2 and NOX4. These altered levels were not reduced by exercise. Diabetes also increased the level of uncoupled endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) that was not reversed by exercise. Finally, diabetic rats showed a lower degree of phosphorylated phospholamban and reduced levels of SERCA2 that were not restored by high-intensity exercise. These results suggest that high-intensity chronic exercise was able to reverse remodeling in the diabetic heart but was unable to restore the nitroso-redox imbalance imposed by diabetes

High-Intensity Exercise Reduces Cardiac Fibrosis and Hypertrophy but Does Not Restore the Nitroso-Redox Imbalance in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy

Diabetic cardiomyopathy refers to the manifestations in the heart as a result of altered glucose homeostasis, reflected as fibrosis, cellular hypertrophy, increased oxidative stress, and apoptosis, leading to ventricular dysfunction. Since physical exercise has been indicated as cardioprotective, we tested the hypothesis that high-intensity exercise training could reverse the cardiac maladaptations produced by diabetes. For this, diabetes was induced in rats by a single dose of alloxan. Diabetic rats were randomly assigned to a sedentary group or submitted to a program of exercise on a treadmill for 4 weeks at 80% of maximal performance. Another group of normoglycemic rats was used as control. Diabetic rat hearts presented cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and interstitial fibrosis. Chronic exercise reduced both parameters but increased apoptosis. Diabetes increased the myocardial levels of the mRNA and proteins of NADPH oxidases NOX2 and NOX4. These altered levels were not reduced by exercise. Diabetes also increased the level of uncoupled endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) that was not reversed by exercise. Finally, diabetic rats showed a lower degree of phosphorylated phospholamban and reduced levels of SERCA2 that were not restored by high-intensity exercise. These results suggest that high-intensity chronic exercise was able to reverse remodeling in the diabetic heart but was unable to restore the nitroso-redox imbalance imposed by diabetes

Niveles de proteina C reactiva ultrasensible pre y post tratamiento periodontal ni quirurgico en pacientes con periodontitis cronica.

57 p.Introducción: La existencia de una relación entre las enfermedades cardiovasculares y la patologías orales ha sido de gran interés en los últimos años. Este interés, probablemente esté muy motivado por la alta prevalencia de ambas patologías, que las convierte, sin lugar a dudas, en uno de los principales problemas de salud pública a nivel mundial. Gracias al avance en la biología molecular se ha podido identificar diferentes moléculas en pacientes periodontales que producen diferentes alteraciones a distancia como lo es la Proteína C Reactiva. La PCR es un marcador altamente específico y preciso en la detección de procesos inflamatorios e infecciosos, produciéndose un aumento en los niveles plasmáticos de esta, además de ser de uso clínico corriente, a esta molécula proteica se le reconocen efectos proinflamatorios y esta catalogado como factor de riesgo cardiovascular por la Asociación Americana del Corazón. Esta claro en la literatura que la enfermedad periodontal(EP) puede ser la responsable de estos aumentos, lo que no esta claro es si la terapia periodontal no quirúrgica pueda reestablecer valores normales de PCR. Objetivos: (1)Determinar, mediante el Test Tina-quant® los niveles de HS-PCR (Proteína C Ultrasensible) pre y post terapia periodontal no quirúrgica, en pacientes con periodontitis crónica, en sus diferentes grados de severidad. (2)Establecer si existen diferencias en los niveles plasmáticos de PCR HS antes y después de una terapia periodontal no quirúrgica. Materiales y métodos: se estudiaron 6 pacientes con Periodontitis Crónica y sin patología sistémica (ECV) a los cuales se les realizó el tratamiento periodontal no quirúrgico correspondiente. Se les tomaron dos muestras de PCR una 7 días previo y otra 7 días posterior al tratamiento. Resultados: se encontraron diferencias pero no fueron estadísticamente significativas entre los niveles de PCR 7 días antes y 7 días después del tratamiento periodontal no quirúrgico. Discusión: Si separamos al grupo por severidad de la periodontitis, 2 de los 3 pacientes que tenían periodontitis crónica avanzada tanto antes como después del tratamiento, tendrían un alto riesgo cardiovascular según la asociación americana del corazón, en tanto el paciente restante tendría un moderado riesgo. Los pacientes con Periodontitis crónica moderada antes del tratamiento se dividían en un 33,3% para cada tipo de riesgo cardiovascular, mientras que para las muestras 7 días después de concluido el tratamiento, el 66,7% fue catalogado con un moderado riesgo cardiovascular y un 33,4% con un alto riesgo cardiovascular. Conclusiones: (1) En este estudio no existen diferencias significativas entre los niveles de PCR plasmáticos antes y después del tratamiento periodontal. (2) No existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los niveles de PCR previo al tratamiento periodontal en los diferentes grados de severidad de Periodontitis. 3)No existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los niveles de PCR posterior al tratamiento periodontal en los diferentes grados de severidad de Periodontitis

Continuous climb operations: the following steps

Typically air traffic controller manages departure traffic gradually in the airport airspace neighborhoods, providing clearances for the access to higher altitudes determined by conditions of traffic flow mix. This air traffic management implies the realization of several level-offs at each departure which suppose an increase of the fuel consumption firstly and as result the rise of overall cost of operation. Furthermore, not only operational costs are affected but both noise and pollutants emissions are increased, eco-friendly departure procedures requires a special heed because a new international range of equirements desire to abate the environmental impact due to aircraft operations. In order to avoid this inefficient departure procedure, continuous climb operations (CCOs) are defined as novel procedures which will ease the pilot departure perform. CCO is the ideal path an aircraft might fly in the absence of any ATC issues. The aim of this work is to analyze different CCOs techniques and evaluate the feasibility of implement them in a real scenario. A review of diverse CCOs based on different concepts of operation is presented, as minimizing fuel consumption, noise impact, constant climb speed,etc., as well as the definition of the requirements a CCO must fulfill which shape the feasible solution space. Lastly, Palma ATM environment is presented as case study of the viability of implementing CCO procedures among real requirements and expected drawbacks

Present status of sentinel lymph node biopsy in cervical cancer

Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women, and seventh overall. This disease represents a medical, economic and social burden. In early FIGO stage patients (IA, IB1 and IIA1), nodal involvement is the most important prognostic factor. Imaging evaluation of nodal metastasis is of limited value. In order to determine lymph node involvement, allow loco-regional control of the disease, define the need for adjuvant radiotherapy and improve survival, standard surgery for early disease is radical hysterectomy with systematic pelvic lymphadenectomy. However, this surgical treatment has risks and complications: longer operative time, larger blood loss, neurovascular or ureteral injury, lower-limb lymphedema, symptomatic lymphocysts, hydronephrosis. A method that allows to define the presence of regional metastasis with less morbidity and equal or greater precision is particularly relevant. The use of the sentinel lymph node biopsy is intended to reach that purpose. The present study reviews recent literature on the role of sentinel lymph node biopsy in cervical cancer, analyzing its indications and contraindications, injection and detection techniques, tracers used, surgical and pathological approaches and its applicability in up-to-date clinical practice