Evaluation of the outcomes of newly diagnosed patients with high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome according to the initial therapeutical strategies chosen in usual clinical practice

Clinical practice; Myelodysplastic syndrome; TreatmentPràctica clínica; Síndrome mielodisplàstica; TractamentPráctica clínica; Síndrome mielodisplásico; TratamientoMyelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a heterogeneous group of diseases without a care standard and show variability in treatment outcomes. This Spanish, observational, prospective study ERASME (CEL-SMD-2012-01) assessed the evolution of newly diagnosed and treatment-naïve high-risk MDS patients (according to IPPS-R). 204 patients were included: median age 73.0 years, 54.4% males, 69.6% 0-1 ECOG, and 94.6% with comorbidities. Active treatment was the most common strategy (52.0%) vs. stem cell transplantation (25.5%) and supportive care/watchful-waiting (22.5%). Overall (median) event-free survival was 7.9 months (9.1, 8.3, and 5.3); progression-free survival: 10.1 months (12.9, 12.8, and 4.3); and overall survival: 13.8 months (15.4, 14.9; 8.4), respectively, with significant differences among groups. Adverse events (AEs) of ≥3 grade were reported in 72.6% of patients; serious AEs reported in 60.6%. 33.1% of patients died due to AEs. Three patients developed second primary malignant neoplasms (median: 8.2 months). Our study showed better outcomes in patients receiving active therapy early after diagnosis

Lymphoid and myeloid immune cell reconstitution after nicotinamide-expanded cord blood transplantation

Immunologia; Recerca mèdicaInmunología; Investigación médicaImmunology; Medical researchOmidubicel (nicotinamide-expanded cord blood) is a potential alternative source for allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) when an HLA-identical donor is lacking. A phase I/II trial with standalone omidubicel HCT showed rapid and robust neutrophil and platelet engraftment. In this study, we evaluated the immune reconstitution (IR) of patients receiving omidubicel grafts during the first 6 months post-transplant, as IR is critical for favorable outcomes of the procedure. Data was collected from the omidubicel phase I-II international, multicenter trial. The primary endpoint was the probability of achieving adequate CD4+ T-cell IR (CD4IR: > 50 × 106/L within 100 days). Secondary endpoints were the recovery of T-cells, natural killer (NK)-cells, B-cells, dendritic cells (DC), and monocytes as determined with multicolor flow cytometry. LOESS-regression curves and cumulative incidence plots were used for data description. Thirty-six omidubicel recipients (median 44; 13–63 years) were included, and IR data was available from 28 recipients. Of these patients, 90% achieved adequate CD4IR. Overall, IR was complete and consisted of T-cell, monocyte, DC, and notably fast NK- and B-cell reconstitution, compared to conventional grafts. Our data show that transplantation of adolescent and adult patients with omidubicel results in full and broad IR, which is comparable with IR after HCT with conventional graft sources

Deciphering predictive factors for choice of thrombopoietin receptor agonist, treatment free responses, and thrombotic events in immune thrombocytopenia

Malalties hematològiques; Trastorns immunològicsEnfermedades hematológicas; Trastornos inmunológicosHaematological diseases; Immunological disordersVery few data exist on when a particular thrombopoietin-receptor agonist (TPO-RA) is favored in clinical practice for the treatment of patients with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), about novel risk factors for vascular events (VE) with these drugs, nor about predictive factors for therapy free responses (TFR). We conducted an observational, retrospective, long-term follow-up multicenter study from November 2016 to January 2018 of 121 adult ITP patients initiating TPO-RA between January 2012 to December 2014. Data reflected that a platelet count ≤25 × 109/l at the time when the TPO-RA was initiated was associated with a 2.8 higher probability of receiving romiplostim vs. eltrombopag (P = 0.010). VE on TPO-RA was related to previous neoplasia in patients over 65 years (50% vs. 2.2%, P < 0.001), and to previous splenectomy in younger patients (100% vs. 33%, P = 0.001). Receiving romiplostim as first TPO-RA with no subsequent TPO-RA switching was associated with a 50% likelihood of TFR after 2.9 years of therapy (3.3 years in chronic ITP patients). These real-world data help deciphering some areas of uncertainty, and offer insight into some of the most relevant challenges of ITP which may help clinicians make appropriate treatment decisions in the management of adult ITP patients with TPO-RA

The transcription factor DDIT3 is a potential driver of dyserythropoiesis in myelodysplastic syndromes

Haematopoietic stem cells; Myelodysplastic syndrome; TranscriptomicsCèl·lules mare hematopoètiques; Síndrome mielodisplàstic; TranscriptòmicaCélulas madre hematopoyéticas; Síndrome mielodisplásico; TranscriptómicaMyelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) malignancies characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis, with increased incidence in older individuals. Here we analyze the transcriptome of human HSCs purified from young and older healthy adults, as well as MDS patients, identifying transcriptional alterations following different patterns of expression. While aging-associated lesions seem to predispose HSCs to myeloid transformation, disease-specific alterations may trigger MDS development. Among MDS-specific lesions, we detect the upregulation of the transcription factor DNA Damage Inducible Transcript 3 (DDIT3). Overexpression of DDIT3 in human healthy HSCs induces an MDS-like transcriptional state, and dyserythropoiesis, an effect associated with a failure in the activation of transcriptional programs required for normal erythroid differentiation. Moreover, DDIT3 knockdown in CD34+ cells from MDS patients with anemia is able to restore erythropoiesis. These results identify DDIT3 as a driver of dyserythropoiesis, and a potential therapeutic target to restore the inefficient erythroid differentiation characterizing MDS patients.This work was supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III and co-financed by ERDF A way of making Europe (PI17/00701, and PI20/01308) (F.P.) and (PI19/00726) (T.E.), CIBERONC (CB16/12/00489) (F.P.); Gobierno de Navarra (AGATA 0011-1411-2020-000010/0011-1411-2020-000011 and DIANA 0011-1411-2017-000028/0011-1411-2017-000029/0011-1411-2017-000030) (F.P.); Fundación La Caixa (GR-NET NORMAL-HIT HR20-00871) (F.P.); and Cancer Research UK [C355/A26819], FC AECC and AIRC under the Accelerator Award Program, and MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by ERDF A way of making Europe [RTI2018-101708-A-I00] (M.H.). Moreover, this work was supported by PhD fellowships from Gobierno de Navarra (0011-0537-2019-000001) (N.B.), and (0011-0537-2020-000022) (A.D.-M.); a PhD fellowship from Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (FPU18/05488) (M.A.); an Investigador AECC award from the Fundación AECC (INVES19059EZPO) (T.E.), H2020 Marie S. Curie IF Action, European Commission, Grant Agreement No. 898356 (M.H.); and by grants RYC2018-025502-I (A.A.) and PRE2018-084542 (R.R.) funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by ESF Investing in your future. We particularly acknowledge the patients and healthy donors for their participation in this study, and the Biobank of the University of Navarra for its collaboration

Ruxolitinib for Glucocorticoid-Refractory Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease

BACKGROUND: Acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) remains a major limitation of allogeneic stem-cell transplantation; not all patients have a response to standard glucocorticoid treatment. In a phase 2 trial, ruxolitinib, a selective Janus kinase (JAK1 and JAK2) inhibitor, showed potential efficacy in patients with glucocorticoid-refractory acute GVHD. METHODS: We conducted a multicenter, randomized, open-label, phase 3 trial comparing the efficacy and safety of oral ruxolitinib (10 mg twice daily) with the investigator's choice of therapy from a list of nine commonly used options (control) in patients 12 years of age or older who had glucocorticoid-refractory acute GVHD after allogeneic stem-cell transplantation. The primary end point was overall response (complete response or partial response) at day 28. The key secondary end point was durable overall response at day 56. RESULTS: A total of 309 patients underwent randomization; 154 patients were assigned to the ruxolitinib group and 155 to the control group. Overall response at day 28 was higher in the ruxolitinib group than in the control group (62% [96 patients] vs. 39% [61]; odds ratio, 2.64; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.65 to 4.22; P<0.001). Durable overall response at day 56 was higher in the ruxolitinib group than in the control group (40% [61 patients] vs. 22% [34]; odds ratio, 2.38; 95% CI, 1.43 to 3.94; P<0.001). The estimated cumulative incidence of loss of response at 6 months was 10% in the ruxolitinib group and 39% in the control group. The median failure-free survival was considerably longer with ruxolitinib than with control (5.0 months vs. 1.0 month; hazard ratio for relapse or progression of hematologic disease, non-relapse-related death, or addition of new systemic therapy for acute GVHD, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.35 to 0.60). The median overall survival was 11.1 months in the ruxolitinib group and 6.5 months in the control group (hazard ratio for death, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.60 to 1.15). The most common adverse events up to day 28 were thrombocytopenia (in 50 of 152 patients [33%] in the ruxolitinib group and 27 of 150 [18%] in the control group), anemia (in 46 [30%] and 42 [28%], respectively), and cytomegalovirus infection (in 39 [26%] and 31 [21%]). CONCLUSIONS: Ruxolitinib therapy led to significant improvements in efficacy outcomes, with a higher incidence of thrombocytopenia, the most frequent toxic effect, than that observed with control therapy

Trasplante de progenitores hematopoyéticos con acondicionamiento de intensidad reducida: aplicabilidad en leucemia mieloide aguda y síndromes mielodisplásicos

El trasplante alogénico (Alo-TPH) es la única opción curativa en la mayoría de pacientes con leucemia mieloide aguda (LMA) y síndrome mielodisplásico (SMD) así como en otras enfermedades hematológicas neoplásicas y no neoplásicas. Sin embargo su aplicabilidad ha sido reducida por la toxicidad inherente al uso de dosis altas de quimioradioterapia utilizadas durante el acondicionamiento. El desarrollo de esquemas de acondicionamiento de menor intensidad, conocidos como acondicionamientos de intensidad reducida permiten la aplicación del Alo-TPH a pacientes que hasta ahora se han considerado no candidatos al mismo debido a un elevado riesgo de toxicidad utilizando los acondicionamientos convencionales con dosis altas. En la presente tesis doctoral se presentan los resultados de tres estudios sucesivos realizados para analizar la aplicabilidad y efectividad de un esquema de acondicionamiento de intensidad reducida en pacientes con LMA y SMD. El primero de los trabajos demuestra la reducción de la mortalidad asociada al trasplante con la utilización del esquema de acondicionamiento de intensidad reducida. El segundo paso consistió en analizar los resultados a largo plazo en cuanto a efectividad y analizar los factores asociados a mejores resultados, en donde se puso de evidencia que el desarrollo de enfermedad injerto contra huésped es un factor asociado a mejor supervivencia. Finalmente se realizó un estudio comparativo con otra estrategia encaminada a reducir la toxicidad del trasplante mediante la selección de células CD34 positivas con acondicionamiento convencional y se pudo documentar que el acondicionamiento de intensidad reducida presenta unos resultados similares, posiblemente superiores en pacientes de edad avanzada. Como conclusiones de estos trabajos se demuestra que: 1) el esquema de acondicionamiento de intensidad reducida es capaz de lograr un injerto estable en el tiempo, 2) logra reducir la mortalidad asociada al trasplante en comparación con los esquemas de acondicionamiento convencionales, 3) obtiene su máximo beneficio en pacientes que desarrollan enfermedad injerto contra receptor crónica y 4) obtiene unos resultados similares a los obtenidos en pacientes más jóvenes con un procedimiento de selección de células CD34 positivas y acondicionamiento estándar. En definitiva es confirma que el trasplante alogénico con acondicionamiento de intensidad reducida ofrece una opción curativa a pacientes con elevado riesgo de mortalidad relacionada con el trasplante y que el beneficio fundamente se ofrece mediante el desarrollo del efecto injerto contra tumor.Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (Alo-SCT) is the only curative option for most patients diagnosed of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and in some other neoplastic and non-neoplastic hematological disorders. Nevertheless its applicability is reduced because of the high toxicity associated with the use of high dose chemo-radiotherapy used in the conditioning. The development of conditioning regimens with lower toxicity, known as reduced intensity conditionings allow to offer the transplant procedure to those patients previously considered non-candidates because of high risk of toxicity with conventional transplant based on the use of high dose conditioning. This doctoral thesis shows the result of three consecutive studies performed to analyze the feasibility and efficacy of a reduced intensity conditioning regimen in patients with AML and MDS. The first study demonstrates that the reduced intensity conditioning regimen is associated with lower than expected non-relapse mortality. The second study presents the long term results and analyzes the factors associated with better results, showing that the development of chronic graft versus host disease is associated with improved survival. The last study is a comparison between reduced intensity conditioning and other strategy aimed to reduce transplant related mortality as the transplant of CD34 positive cells selection graft that shows that reduced intensity conditioning show similar results, and possibly better in older patients. As conclusions, the present doctoral thesis demonstrates: 1) The reduced intensity conditioning scheme used was able to achieve stable long term engraftment, 2) it is associated with lower transplant related mortality compared with conventional conditioning 3)obtaining the highest benefit in term of survival in patients developing chronic graft versus host disease and 4) with a global results similar to those obtained in younger patients using conventional conditioning regimens and CD 34 positive selected grafts. It ultimately confirms that reduced intensity conditioning regimen offers a curative option to those patients with risk of mortality with conventional approach and identifies the graft versus tumor effect as the main mechanism of action of this approach

Trasplante de progenitores hematopoyéticos con acondicionamiento de intensidad reducida: aplicabilidad en leucemia mieloide aguda y síndromes mielodisplásicos

El trasplante alogénico (Alo-TPH) es la única opción curativa en la mayoría de pacientes con leucemia mieloide aguda (LMA) y síndrome mielodisplásico (SMD) así como en otras enfermedades hematológicas neoplásicas y no neoplásicas. Sin embargo su aplicabilidad ha sido reducida por la toxicidad inherente al uso de dosis altas de quimioradioterapia utilizadas durante el acondicionamiento. El desarrollo de esquemas de acondicionamiento de menor intensidad, conocidos como acondicionamientos de intensidad reducida permiten la aplicación del Alo-TPH a pacientes que hasta ahora se han considerado no candidatos al mismo debido a un elevado riesgo de toxicidad utilizando los acondicionamientos convencionales con dosis altas. En la presente tesis doctoral se presentan los resultados de tres estudios sucesivos realizados para analizar la aplicabilidad y efectividad de un esquema de acondicionamiento de intensidad reducida en pacientes con LMA y SMD. El primero de los trabajos demuestra la reducción de la mortalidad asociada al trasplante con la utilización del esquema de acondicionamiento de intensidad reducida. El segundo paso consistió en analizar los resultados a largo plazo en cuanto a efectividad y analizar los factores asociados a mejores resultados, en donde se puso de evidencia que el desarrollo de enfermedad injerto contra huésped es un factor asociado a mejor supervivencia. Finalmente se realizó un estudio comparativo con otra estrategia encaminada a reducir la toxicidad del trasplante mediante la selección de células CD34 positivas con acondicionamiento convencional y se pudo documentar que el acondicionamiento de intensidad reducida presenta unos resultados similares, posiblemente superiores en pacientes de edad avanzada. Como conclusiones de estos trabajos se demuestra que: 1) el esquema de acondicionamiento de intensidad reducida es capaz de lograr un injerto estable en el tiempo, 2) logra reducir la mortalidad asociada al trasplante en comparación con los esquemas de acondicionamiento convencionales, 3) obtiene su máximo beneficio en pacientes que desarrollan enfermedad injerto contra receptor crónica y 4) obtiene unos resultados similares a los obtenidos en pacientes más jóvenes con un procedimiento de selección de células CD34 positivas y acondicionamiento estándar. En definitiva es confirma que el trasplante alogénico con acondicionamiento de intensidad reducida ofrece una opción curativa a pacientes con elevado riesgo de mortalidad relacionada con el trasplante y que el beneficio fundamente se ofrece mediante el desarrollo del efecto injerto contra tumor.Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (Alo-SCT) is the only curative option for most patients diagnosed of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and in some other neoplastic and non-neoplastic hematological disorders. Nevertheless its applicability is reduced because of the high toxicity associated with the use of high dose chemo-radiotherapy used in the conditioning. The development of conditioning regimens with lower toxicity, known as reduced intensity conditionings allow to offer the transplant procedure to those patients previously considered non-candidates because of high risk of toxicity with conventional transplant based on the use of high dose conditioning. This doctoral thesis shows the result of three consecutive studies performed to analyze the feasibility and efficacy of a reduced intensity conditioning regimen in patients with AML and MDS. The first study demonstrates that the reduced intensity conditioning regimen is associated with lower than expected non-relapse mortality. The second study presents the long term results and analyzes the factors associated with better results, showing that the development of chronic graft versus host disease is associated with improved survival. The last study is a comparison between reduced intensity conditioning and other strategy aimed to reduce transplant related mortality as the transplant of CD34 positive cells selection graft that shows that reduced intensity conditioning show similar results, and possibly better in older patients. As conclusions, the present doctoral thesis demonstrates: 1) The reduced intensity conditioning scheme used was able to achieve stable long term engraftment, 2) it is associated with lower transplant related mortality compared with conventional conditioning 3)obtaining the highest benefit in term of survival in patients developing chronic graft versus host disease and 4) with a global results similar to those obtained in younger patients using conventional conditioning regimens and CD 34 positive selected grafts. It ultimately confirms that reduced intensity conditioning regimen offers a curative option to those patients with risk of mortality with conventional approach and identifies the graft versus tumor effect as the main mechanism of action of this approach

Profilaxis antifúngica con micafungina en pacientes que reciben un trasplante alogénico de progenitores hematopoyéticos (alo-TPH) en España (GETH-MIC)

Trasplantament de cèl·lules mare; Micafungina; ProfilaxiTrasplante de células madre; Micafungina; ProfilaxisStem cell transplantation; Micafungin; ProphylaxisIntroduction. The fungal infections remain an important problem in the allogeneic stem cell trasnsplantation (allo-SCT) setting and thus, anti-fungal prophylaxis is commonly used. The antifungal drug should offer activity, at least against Candida and Aspergillus spp., a good safety profile and low probability interactions. Micafungin could theoretically fulfill these requisites. The aim of the study was to describe the experience with micafungin as primary prophylaxis in patients undergoing allo-SCT in a cohort of Spanish centres, and to evaluate its ef-ficacy and tolerability in this population. Material and methods. Retrospective multicentre observational study including all consecutive adult patients admitted for allo-SCT in participating centres of the Grupo Español de Trasplante Hematopoyético (GETH), from January 2010 to December 2013, who received micafungin as primary prophylaxis during the neutropenic period. Results. A total of 240 patients from 13 centres were identified and 159 patients were included for the analysis. Most patients (95.6%) received 50 mg/day of micafungin. During the follow-up, 7 (4.4%) patients developed breakthrough invasive fungal disease, 1 proven and 6 probable; one patient discontinued the drug because of serious drug interactions. Prophylaxis with micafungin was considered effective in 151 (94.9%) patients. Conclusions. According to our experience, micafungin is an appropriate alternative for antifungal prophylaxis in patients undergoing an allo-HSCT, because its efficacy, its low profile of drug interactions and side-effects.Introducción. Las infecciones fúngicas siguen representando un problema en el trasplante alogénico de progenitores hematopoyéticos (alo-TPH) por lo que es habitual el uso de profilaxis antifúngica en estos pacientes. El tratamiento antifúngico debe presentar al menos actividad frente a Candida y Aspergillus spp, un buen perfil de seguridad y baja probabilidad de infecciones, siendo micafungina una de las opciones que podría cumplir todos estos requisitos. El objetivo del estudio fue describir la experiencia con micafungina como profilaxis primaria en pacientes sometidos a alo-TPH en una cohorte de hospitales españoles, y evaluar su eficacia y seguridad en esta población. Material y métodos. Estudio retrospectivo multicéntrico observacional consecutivo de todos los pacientes adultos ingresados para alo-TPH en los centros del Grupo Español de Trasplante Hematopoyético (GETH) desde enero de 2010 a diciembre de 2013 y que recibieron micafungina como profilaxis primaria durante el periodo de neutropenia. Resultados. Se identificaron 240 pacientes de 13 hospitales y 159 fueron incluidos para el análisis. La mayoría (95.6%) de ellos recibieron dosis de 50mg/día de micafungina. Durante el seguimiento, 7 (4.4%) pacientes desarrollaron infecciones de brecha, 1 probada y 6 probables; en un paciente se suspendió el tratamiento por interacciones medicamentosas graves. La profilaxis con micafungina se consideró efectiva en el 94,9% de los pacientes (151 de 159). Conclusiones. En base a nuestros resultados, consideramos que Micafungina es una buena alternativa como profilaxis antifúngica en pacientes sometidos a alo-TPH, por su eficacia, el bajo riesgo de interacciones y de efectos adversos.This study has been partially funded by Astellas

A decade of changes in management of immune thrombocytopenia, with special focus on elderly patients

Gent gran; Pautes; TPO-RAAncianos; Pautas; TPO-RAElderly; Guidelines; TPO-RABackground Ten years after their availability, thrombopoietin receptor agonists (TPO-RA) have heralded a paradigm shift in the treatment of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). This study was aimed to analyze the implementation of current recommendations in the standard practice of adult ITP patients, and how age may influence those changes. Methods We included 121 adult patients (> 65 years, n = 54; younger individuals, n = 67) who initiated treatment with TPO-RA between January 2012 and December 2014. Results Patients older than 65 years treated with TPO-RA presented at diagnosis with significantly higher platelet counts, less bleeding, and a more prothrombotic profile than younger ones. The high efficacy rates of TPO-RA, preferentially used during the last decade in non-chronic phases, precluded from further therapies in the majority of ITP patients. Their administration was associated with a sharp decline in the last decade in the use of splenectomy and intravenous immunoglobulin, especially in younger ITP individuals. Conclusion These results confirm (1) that there is a preferential use of TPO-RAs in elderly ITP patients with fewer bleeding complications but more unfavorable prothrombotic conditions than in younger individuals, and (2) that early use of these agents has been established as an effective therapeutic alternative to other second line therapies.This work was supported by Amgen S.A. Spain. Amgen did not have any role in study design, collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, writing the report, or in the decision to submit the report for publication