FIGURE 4 in Some scleractinian corals (Scleractinia: Anthozoa) of Larak Island, Persian Gulf

FIGURE 4. Montipora cf. aequituberculata, a, exoskeleton; b & d, close ups of corallites; c & e, underwater photographs of different colonies; f, underwater photograph of polyps.Published as part of Samiei, Jahangir Vajed, Dab, Koosha, Ghezellou, Parviz & Shirvani, Arash, 2013, Some scleractinian corals (Scleractinia: Anthozoa) of Larak Island, Persian Gulf, pp. 101-143 in Zootaxa 3636 (1) on page 105, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3636.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/24943

Some scleractinian corals (Scleractinia: Anthozoa) of Larak Island, Persian Gulf

Samiei, Jahangir Vajed, Dab, Koosha, Ghezellou, Parviz, Shirvani, Arash (2013): Some scleractinian corals (Scleractinia: Anthozoa) of Larak Island, Persian Gulf. Zootaxa 3636 (1): 101-143, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3636.1.

Photosynthetic response of Persian Gulf acroporid corals to summer versus winter temperature deviations

With on-going climate change, coral susceptibility to thermal stress constitutes a central concern in reefconservation. In the Persian Gulf, coral reefs are confronted with a high seasonal variability in water temperature, and both hot and cold extremes have been associated with episodes of coral bleaching and mortality. Using physiological performance as a measure of coral health, we investigated the thermal susceptibility of the common acroporid, Acropora downingi, near Hengam Island where the temperature oscillates seasonally in the range 20.2–34.2 °C. In a series of two short-term experiments comparing coral response in summer versus winter conditions, we exposed corals during each season (1) to the corresponding seasonal average and extreme temperature levels in a static thermal environment, and (2) to a progressive temperature deviation from the annual mean toward the corresponding extreme seasonal value and beyond in a dynamic thermal environment. We monitored four indictors of coral physiological performance: net photosynthesis (Pn), dark respiration (R), autotrophic capability (Pn/R), and survival. Corals exposed to warming during summer showed a decrease in net photosynthesis and ultimately died, while corals exposed to cooling during winter were not affected in their photosynthetic performance and survival. Coral autotrophic capability Pn/R was lower at the warmer thermal level within eachseason, and during summer compared to winter. Corals exposed to the maximum temperature of summer displayed Pn/R < 1, inferring that photosynthetic performance could not support basal metabolic needs under this environment. Our results suggest that the autotrophic performance of the Persian Gulf A. downingi is sensitive to the extreme temperatures endured in summer, and therefore its populations may be impacted by future increases in water temperature

Variation in calcification rate of Acropora downingi relative to seasonal changes in environmental conditions in the northeastern Persian Gulf

There is a strong interest in understanding how coral calcification varies with changing environmental conditions, especially given the projected changes in temperature and aragonite saturation due to climate change. This study explores in situ variation in calcification rates of Acropora downingi in the northeastern Persian Gulf relative to seasonal changes in temperature, irradiance and aragonite saturation state (Xarag). Calcification rates of A. downingi were highest in the spring and lowest in the winter, and intra-annual variation in calcification rate was significantly related to temperature (r2 = 0.30) and irradiance (r2 = 0.36), but not Xarag (r2 = 0.02). Seasonal differences in temperature are obviously confounded by differences in other environmental conditions and vice versa. Therefore, we used published relationships from experimental studies to establish which environmental parameter(s) (temperature, irradiance, and/or Xarag) placed greatest constraints on calcification rate (relative to the maximum spring rate) in each season. Variation in calcification rates was largely attributable to seasonal changes in irradiance and temperature (possibly *57.4 and 39.7% respectively). Therefore, we predict that ocean warming may lead to increased rates of calcification during winter, but decelerate calcification during spring, fall and especially summer, resulting in net deceleration of calcification for A. downingi in the Persian Gulf

Acta Linguistica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 43.

1995 / 1-2. sz. 1 KIEFER FERENC: Preface 5 ANWAR, MOHAMED SAMI: The case of un- 7 BAUER, LAURIE: Is morpological productivity non-linguistic? 23 BEHRENS, LEILA: Lexical rules cross-cutting inflection and derivation 37 CECH, PETRA: Inflection/derivation in Sepecides-Romani 71 ESCHENLOHR, STEFANIE: Derivational morphology and the system of word classes in German 97 FRADIN, BERNARD: On morphological entities and the copy principle 115 KENESEI ISTVÁN: On bracketing paradoxes in Hungarian 157 KIEFER FERENC: Prefix reduplication in Hungarian 179 NIKOLAJEVIC, DRAGANA: The visual field effects on processing words in grammatical context 199 PLÉH CSABA - JUHÁSZ LEVENTE: Processing of multimorphemic words in Hungarian 215 SUGIOKA, YOKO: Regularity in inflection and derivation : rule vs. analogy in Japanese deverbal compound formation 235 SZYMANEK, BOGDAN: Parametric dimensions in morhology : on inalienable possession in English and Polish 259 ZWANENBURG, WIECHER: French adverb formation, derivation versus inflection and word structure levels 281 1995 / 3-4. sz. 301 KONTRA MIKLÓS: Guest editor's note 305 VÁRADI TAMÁS: Stylistic variation and the (bVn) variable in the Budapest Sociolinguistic Interview 307 BORBÉLY ANNA: Attitudes as a factor of language choice : a sociolinguistic investigation in a bilingual community of Romanian-Hungarians 323 LANGMAN, JULIET: The role of code-switching in achieving understanding : Chinese speakers of Hungarian 335 KONTRA MIKLÓS: English Only's Cousin : Slovak Only 357 BEREGSZÁSZI ANIKÓ: Language planning issues of Hungarian place-names in Subcarpathia 385 FENYVESI ANNA: The case of American Hungarian case : morphological change in McKeesport, PA 393 BARTHA CSILLA: Social and linguistic characteristics of immigrant language shift : the case of Hungarian in Detroit 417 BOOK REVIEWS 445 RIESE, TIMOTHY: Kassai Ilona: Kétnyelvűség és magyar nyelvhasználat = Bilingualism and Hungarian language usage 445 HETZRON, ROBERT: Vázsonyi Andrew - Kontra Miklós: Túl a Kecegárdán : Calumet-vidéki amerikai magyar szótár = Beyond castle garden : an American Hungarian dictionary of the Calumet region 447 FENYVESI ANNA: Zalabai Zsigmod: Mit ér a nyelvünk, ha magyar? = What is our language worth if it is Hungarian? 448 PECKHAM, DONALD W.: Jeffrey Harlig - Pléh Csaba: When East met West : sociolinguistics in the former socialist bloc 449 OLSSON, MAGNUS: Response to Siptár's review 45

Population Collapse Dynamics in Acropora downingi, an Arabian/Persian Gulf Ecosystem‐Engineering Coral, Linked to Rising Temperature

As in the tropical Atlantic, Acropora populations in the southern Persian/Arabian Gulf plummeted within two decades after having been ecosystem engineers on most wave‐exposed reefs since the Pleistocene. Since 1996/1998 live coral cover in the Gulf declined by over 90% in many areas, primarily due to bleaching and diseases caused by rising temperatures. In the formerly dominant table‐coral species A. downingi, population dynamics corresponding to disturbance regimes was quantified in three transition matrices (lower disturbance pre‐1996; moderate disturbance from 1998 to 2010 and 2013 to 2017, disturbed in 1996/1998, 2010/11/12, 2017). Increased disturbance frequency and severity caused progressive reduction in coral size, cover, and population fecundity. Small size‐classes were bolstered more by partial colony mortality than sexual recruitment. Some large corals had a size refuge and resisted die‐back but were also lost with increasing disturbance. Matrix and biophysical larval flow models suggested one metapopulation. Southern, Arabian, populations could be connected to northern, Iranian, populations but this connectivity was lost under assumptions of pelagic larval duration at rising temperatures shortened to a third. Then, the metapopulation disintegrated into isolated populations. Connectivity required to avoid extinctions increased exponentially with disturbance frequency and correlation of disturbances across the metapopulation. Populations became unsustainable at eight disturbances in 15 years, when even highest theoretical recruitment no longer compensated mortality. This lethal disturbance frequency was 3‐fold that of the moderately disturbed monitoring period and 4‐fold of the preceding low‐disturbance period—suggesting ongoing shortening of the disturbance‐free period. Observed population collapse and environmental changes in the Gulf suggest that A. downingi is heading toward at least functional extinction mainly due to increasingly frequent temperature‐induced mortality events, clearly linked to climate change