Natural Budget Deficit and Natural Political Cyclicality

In this paper we present a framework showing how governments use debt to flaunt competency and increase their votes and the chances of reelection; however, a cognitive bias, namely, the cyclist bias, would disrupt government’s computations. In this model the government’s budget deficit as well as changes in debt would be evaluated in a steady state. We show that debt is a double-edged sword and the more the government relies on debt to show its competency, the more the people understand the manipulations at work behind such measures. On equilibrium, due to cognitive bias in the behavior of individuals, the government will choose budget deficit which it is increasing, leading to the fall of the current incumbent and ultimately the opposition party would take over the power. The model can provide theoretical foundations for what the empirical study of Brender & Drazen (2008) concludes: expansive fiscal policies before elections won't increase reelection probability

Immunohistochemical analysis of B-cell lymphoma -2 in pleomorphic adenoma and mucoepidermoid carcinoma

Background: Salivary gland tumors form a major area in the field of oral pathology. B-cell lymphoma -2 (Bcl-2) is an anti-apoptotic gene with up-regulation in various neoplasms. The aim of the present case-control study was to comparatively investigate the expression of Bcl-2 protein in pleomorphic adenoma (PA) and mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) and assess its potential diagnostic role in differentiating these tumors. Materials and Methods: A total of 28 cases (18 specimens of PA [control] and 10 blocks of MEC [case]) were selected for analysis by streptavidin-biotin peroxidase method with antibody against Bcl-2. The percentage of positive cells was calculated from a minimum of 1000 neoplastic cells and H-score was identified (% positive cells × intensity of staining). Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA, t-test, Spearman, Chi-square and Fisher tests (α = 0.05). Results: bcl-2 expression was shown in 13 cases (71%) of PA and 3 cases (30%) of MEC. In addition, four cases of PA showed strong staining. There was a significant difference between the expression intensity of Bcl-2 in the two tumors (P = 0.048) according to ANOVA. No correlation was observed between Bcl-2 expression with the size and location of tumors (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Bcl-2 expression might be used for differentiating these tumors. Bcl-2 protein was overexpressed in PA compared with MEC. Hence, it seems that unlike what was observed in PA, Bcl-2 probably does not participate in the pathogenesis of MEC

The effectiveness of exercise-therapy on improvement of balance, gait, quality of life and depression in elderly patients with vertigo due to peripheral disturbances of vestibular system

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A Simple Non-Embedded Single Capillary Device for On-Demand Complex Emulsion Formation

This study includes an examination of the design, fabrication, and experimentation of a rudimentary droplet generator. The device has potential applications in on-demand double and higher-order emulsions as well as tailored emulsions with numerous cores. The phenomenon of a pendant double droplet creation is observed when an inner phase is transported through a capillary, while a middle phase envelops the external surface of the capillary. This leads to the occurrence of a pinching-off process at the tip of the pulled capillary. Following this, the double droplet is introduced into a container that is filled with the outer phase. The present study examines the force equilibrium throughout the droplet break-up process and aims to forecast the final morphology of the droplets within the container by considering the impact of interfacial tension ratios. The shell thickness in a core–shell formation can be calculated based on the inner and middle phase flow rates as well as the middle droplet formation period. The present platform, which enables the simple production of double and higher emulsions, exhibits promising prospects for the controlled manufacturing of complex emulsions. This technology holds potential for various applications, including the experimental exploration of collision behavior or electro-hydrodynamics in emulsions as well as millimeter-size engineered microparticle fabrication

The relation between in hand manipulation skills,and visual-motor integration skills with hand writing skills of students of grade one of primery schools in Tehran

Background and Aim: Hand writing is one of the most important abilities that children can gain and use as one part of their duties during their schooling. Students should write fluently and fast to have good connection with school works and gain good grades in exams. It is clear that hand writing problems can influence on children’s other abilities, because this skill is declared often as a reflection of intelligence and although what they write is the same, students with bad hand writing gain lower grades than students with nice hand writing. Recognition of sub base items in this problem will be affective in assessment, intermediation and prevention programs for children who are suffering from this problem. This study is designed to appoint the relation between in hand manipulation skills and visual-motor integration skills with hand writing skills of students of grade one of primary schools in Tehran.Material & Methods: This study was a descriptive-analytic (sectional) investigation. 139 students had been chosen by accident. Instruments which had been used in this study consisted of visual-motor integration test, hand writing quality checklist, chronometer and nine hole PEG test. After data collection, the results were analyzed.Results: The results indicate that visual- motor integration and in hand manipulation skills both are affective in children’s hand writing skills. Grades of girls and boys in visual-motor integration were significantly different. Mean grade of girls in this test was higher than boys, but these variants in hand manipulation skills were not significantly different. Also there was no significant different in handwriting speed and quality between boys and girls.Conclusion: The results indicate that by assessment of visual- motor integration skills and in hand manipulation skills we may be able to find more exact ways to prevent and treat children who are suffering from hand writing problems

The influence of vitamin D supplementation on IGF-1 levels in humans: A systematic review and meta-analysis

© 2019 Elsevier B.V. Background: Inconsistencies exist with regard to influence of vitamin D supplementation on IGF-1 levels. The inconsistencies could be attributed to several factors, such as dosage and duration of intervention, among others. To address these inconsistencies, this study was conducted to determine the impact of vitamin D supplementation on IGF-1 levels through a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Methods: A comprehensive systematic search was carried out in PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, SCOPUS and Embase for RCTs that investigated the impact of vitamin D intake on circulating IGF-1 levels from inception until June 2019. Weighted mean difference (WMD) with the 95 % CI were applied for estimating combined effect size. Subgroup analysis was performed to specify the source of heterogeneity among studies. Results: Pooled results from eight studies demonstrated an overall non-significant increase in IGF-1 following vitamin D supplementation (WMD: 4 ng/ml, 95 % CI: −4 to 11). However, a significant degree of heterogeneity among studies was observed (I2 = 66 %). The subgroup analyses showed that vitamin D dosage of ≤1000 IU/day (WMD: 10 ng/ml) significantly increased IGF-1 compared to the vitamin D dosage of <1000 IU/day (WMD: −1 ng/ml). Moreover, intervention duration ≤12 weeks (WMD: 11 ng/ml) significantly increased IGF-1 compared to intervention duration <12 weeks (WMD: −3 ng/ml). In the epidemiological cohort study, participants under 60 years of age with a higher dietary vitamin D intake had significantly higher IGF-1 levels when compared to those with lower dietary vitamin D intake in second categories. Conclusion: The main results indicate a non-significant increase in IGF-1 following vitamin D supplementation. Additionally, vitamin D dosages of <1000 IU/day and intervention durations of <12 weeks significantly raised IGF-1 levels.The authors sincerely thank Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences for all moral and material supports. This study was supported by grants from the Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (SBMU), Tehran, Iran (Grant’s ID: 1398/3995)