Brown algae invasions and bloom events need routine monitoring for effective adaptation

Brown algae blooms and invasions have affected 29% of the Earth’s coast, yet there is sparse evidence of the impacts and adaptations of these events. Through a systematic review of empirical literature on these blooms and invasions, we explore the prevalence of conventional analyses of environmental, economic, and social impacts, as well as opportunities for adaptation and valorisation. The study reveals crucial inconsistencies in the current evidence base on algae impacts: fragmented metrics for quantifying blooms and their effects; inconsistent application and testing of prevention measures (e.g. forecasting, early warning systems); reliance on removal as a management approach with limited evidence of associated costs; and scant evidence of the effectiveness of impact mitigation or adaptation strategies. With a focus on economic and societal dimensions of algae events, we introduce emerging opportunities within the blue economy for bloom utilization. The findings highlight the crucial need for harmonized monitoring protocols, robust cost-benefit analysis of management and adaptation options, and evidence of pathways to valorisation of algae biomass

Stability of the Low Reynolds Number Compressible Flow Past a NACA0012 Airfoil

With stratospheric flight ormartian exploration in perspective, the compressibility influence on thewake dynamics of a NACA0012 profile is investigated. The unsteady flow past the airfoil at Re = 1000 is characterized using direct numerical simulations for various angles of attack α ∈ [0°; 20°] and Mach numbers up to M∞ = 0.5. Steady flows obtained using the selective frequency damping (SFD) technique are used as base states for a global linear stability analysis. The influence of both the angle of attack and the Reynolds number on the most amplifiedmode characteristics is first investigated in the incompressible regime. Then, the compressibility effects in the subcritical regime are considered. A stabilizing or a destabilizing effect of compressibility is observed depending on the angle of attack and theReynolds number. For α < 20°, compressibility has a destabilizing effect close to the critical threshold,which results in anearlierHopfbifurcation,whereas increasing theMach number always results in a decrease of the growth rate of the mode well above the critical threshold. Finally, the mode frequency decreases with the Mach number

Stability analysis of the compressible flow past a NACA0012 airfoil at low Reynolds numbers

Compressible flows at low Reynolds number are characterized by very low density and/or pressure and, nowadays, they are of very interest since these conditions can be found in many innovative applications such as the Hyperloop train, the stratospheric flight and the martian exploration. In the view of stratospheric flight, our work aims to investigate how compressibility affects the wake dynamics of a NACA0012 profile. We first characterize the unsteady flow past the airfoil at Re = 1000 using DNS for various angles of attack α in [0◦;20◦] and Mach numbers up to M = 0.5. Compressibility is found to attenuate the double harmonic oscillations of the wake, which is directly observable in the aerodynamic coefficients. Then, a steady flow is obtained using the filtering technique of Akervik et al. (2006). These flow fields are used as base flows for a global stability analysis. At these angles of attack the neutral curves are determined in the (M,Re) plane. For a given Reynolds number, we observe a stabilizing or a destabilizing effect of compressibility depending on the angle of attack, while the increase of the Mach number always results in a decrease of the critical Reynolds number for all α

Compressibility effects on three-dimensional secondary instabilities in the cylinder periodic wake

With a growing interest in low Reynolds numbers compressible flows, the aim of this work is to investigate compressibility effects on the wake dynamics of the circular cylinder. In particular, our focus is made on the so called Mode A and Mode B secondary instabilities, which are responsible of the transition from a two-dimensional periodic to a three-dimensional state. Mode A appears at Re=180−190 and is associated with an elliptic instability of the primary vortex cores with large scale transverse structures at a spanwise wavelength of λz~4D, where D indicates the cylinder diameter. Mode B, which arises at Re=230−260, is instead associated with a hyperbolic instability developing in the braid region and is related to the formation of finer scale structures of characteristic wavelength λz~1D. We address the influence of compressibility on these modes. The analysis has been conducted for Reynolds numbers Re in [200; 350] and Mach numbers up to M=0.5. The two-dimensional periodic base state is found to exhibit time-averaged properties that substantially vary within the range of Reynolds and Mach numbers considered. Specifically, three different types of time-averaged flow structure are identified when varying both Reynolds and Mach numbers for three representative cases. The two-dimensional periodic flow is used as base state for a global stability analysis performed by means of Floquet theory. The global modal stability solver is based on the Krylov–Schur algorithm with a time-stepping approach. A stabilizing (decreasing Floquet multiplier μ) or a destabilizing (increasing μ) effect of compressibility is observed on Mode A depending on the Reynolds number and the mode wavelength, while Mode B is found to be stabilized by compressibility. Interestingly, the characteristic length-scales of the time-averaged base flow recirculation region are found to be relevant for the normalisation of the instability wavelengths λz. The Mach number increase is also found to promote vorticity anisotropy on Mode A at largest wavelengths, which is not instead observed for Mode B

Documentation and User Manual of the META-SHARE Metadata Model

The current deliverable presents the META-SHARE metadata schema v1.0, as implemented in the META-SHARE XSD\u27s v1.0 released to (META-NET and PSP partners) in July 2011 for text corpora and lexical/conceptual resources and its supplement for audio corpora, tools and language descriptions (simplified/refactored version) as implemented in November. It is meant to act as a user manual, providing explanations on the model contents for LRs providers and LRs curators that wish to describe their resources in accordance to it. Work on the schema is ongoing and changes/updates to the model are constantly being made; where appropriate, some changes that are already under way are documented in this deliverable

New insights about phenotypic heterogeneity within Propionibacterium freudenreichii argue against its division into subspecies

Propionibacterium freudenreichii is widely used in Swiss-type cheese manufacture, where it contributes to flavour and eye development. It is currently divided into two subspecies, according to the phenotype for lactose fermentation and nitrate reduction (lac+/nit- and lac-/nit+ for P. freudenreichii subsp. shermanii and subsp. freudenreichii, respectively). However, the existence of unclassifiable strains (lac+/nit+ and lac-/nit-) has also been reported. The aim of this study was to revisit the relevance of the subdivision of P. freudenreichii into subspecies, by confirming the existence of unclassifiable strains. Relevant conditions to test the ability of P. freudenreichii for lactose fermentation and nitrate reduction were first determined, by using 10 sequenced strains, in which the presence or absence of the lactose and nitrate genomic islands were known. We also determined whether the subdivision based on lac/nit phenotype was related to other phenotypic properties of interest in cheese manufacture, in this case, the production of aroma compounds, analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, for a total of 28 strains. The results showed that a too short incubation time can lead to false negative for lactose fermentation and nitrate reduction. They confirmed the existence of four lac/nit phenotypes instead of the two expected, thus leading to 13 unclassifiable strains out of the 28 characterized (7 lac+/nit+ and 6 lac-/nit-). The production of the 15 aroma compounds detected in all cultures varied more within a lac/nit phenotype (up to 20 times) than between them. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the division of P. freudenreichii into two subspecies does not appear to be relevant.Fil: de Freitas, Rosangela. Universidade Federal de Viçosa. Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos; Brasil. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; Francia. Science et Technologie du Lait et de l; FranciaFil: Madec, Marie Noelle. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; Francia. Science et Technologie du Lait et de l; FranciaFil: Chuat, Victoria. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; Francia. Science et Technologie du Lait et de l; FranciaFil: Maillard, Marie Bernadette. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; Francia. Science et Technologie du Lait et de l; FranciaFil: Abeijon Mukdsi, Maria Claudia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Tucumán. Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (i); Argentina. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; Francia. Science et Technologie du Lait et de l; FranciaFil: Falentin, Hélène. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; Francia. Science et Technologie du Lait et de l; FranciaFil: Carvalho, Antonio Fernandes de. Universidade Federal de Viçosa. Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos; BrasilFil: Valence, Florence. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; Francia. Science et Technologie du Lait et de l; FranciaFil: Thierry, Anne. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; Francia. Science et Technologie du Lait et de l; Franci

Absence of Adiponutrin (PNPLA3) and Monoacylglycerol Lipase Synergistically Increases Weight Gain and Aggravates Steatohepatitis in Mice

Altered lipid metabolic pathways including hydrolysis of triglycerides are key players in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Whether adiponutrin (patatin-like phospholipase domain containing protein-3-PNPLA3) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) synergistically contribute to disease progression remains unclear. We generated double knockout (DKO) mice lacking both Mgl and Pnpla3; DKO mice were compared to Mgl-/- after a challenge by high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks to induce steatosis. Serum biochemistry, liver transaminases as well as histology were analyzed. Fatty acid (FA) profiling was assessed in liver and adipose tissue by gas chromatography. Markers of inflammation and lipid metabolism were analyzed. Bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) were isolated and treated with oleic acid. Combined deficiency of Mgl and Pnpla3 resulted in weight gain on a chow diet; when challenged by HFD, DKO mice showed increased hepatic FA synthesis and diminished beta-oxidation compared to Mgl-/-.DKO mice exhibited more pronounced hepatic steatosis with inflammation and recruitment of immune cells to the liver associated with accumulation of saturated FAs. Primary BMDMs isolated from the DKO mice showed increased inflammatory activities, which could be reversed by oleic acid supplementation. Pnpla3 deficiency aggravates the effects of Mgl deletion on steatosis and inflammation in the liver under HFD challenge

Analysis of the neutral fluxes in the divertor region of Wendelstein 7-X under attached and detached conditions using EMC3-EIRENE

This paper analyzes the neutral fluxes in the divertor region of the W7-X standard configuration for different input powers, both under attached and detached conditions. The performed analysis is conducted through EMC3-EIRENE simulations. They show the importance of the horizontal divertor to generate neutrals, and resolve the neutral plugging in the divertor region. Simulations of detached cases show a decrease in the number of generated neutrals compared to the attached simulations, in addition to a higher fraction of the ion flux arriving on the baffles during detachment. As the ionization takes place further inside the plasma during detachment, a larger percentage of the generated neutral particles leave the divertor as neutrals. The leakage in the poloidal and toroidal direction increases, just as the fraction of collected particles at the pumping gap. The fraction of pumped particles increases with a factor two, but stays below one percent. This demonstrates that detachment with the current target geometry, although it improves the power exhaust, is not yet leading to an increased particle exhaust

Monoacylglycerol Lipase Inhibition Protects From Liver Injury in Mouse Models of Sclerosing Cholangitis

Background and Aims Monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) is the last enzymatic step in triglyceride degradation, hydrolyzing monoglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids (FAs) and converting 2-arachidonoylglycerol into arachidonic acid, thus providing ligands for nuclear receptors as key regulators of hepatic bile acid (BA)/lipid metabolism and inflammation. We aimed to explore the role of MGL in the development of cholestatic liver and bile duct injury in mouse models of sclerosing cholangitis, a disease so far lacking effective pharmacological therapy. Approach and Results To this aim we analyzed the effects of 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC) feeding to induce sclerosing cholangitis in wild-type (WT) and knockout (MGL(-/-)) mice and tested pharmacological inhibition with JZL184 in the multidrug resistance protein 2 knockout (Mdr2(-/-)) mouse model of sclerosing cholangitis. Cholestatic liver injury and fibrosis were assessed by serum biochemistry, liver histology, gene expression, and western blot characterization of BA and FA synthesis/transport. Moreover, intestinal FAs and fecal microbiome were analyzed. Transfection and silencing were performed in Caco2 cells. MGL(-/-) mice were protected from DDC-induced biliary fibrosis and inflammation with reduced serum liver enzymes and increased FA/BA metabolism and beta-oxidation. Notably, pharmacological (JZL184) inhibition of MGL ameliorated cholestatic injury in DDC-fed WT mice and protected Mdr2(-/-) mice from spontaneous liver injury, with improved liver enzymes, inflammation, and biliary fibrosis. In vitro experiments confirmed that silencing of MGL decreases prostaglandin E-2 accumulation in the intestine and up-regulates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and gamma activity, thus reducing inflammation. Conclusions Collectively, our study unravels MGL as a metabolic target, demonstrating that MGL inhibition may be considered as potential therapy for sclerosing cholangitis