187 research outputs found

    Микробиом кишечника и метаболизм лекарственных соединений

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    The human physiology textbooks traditionally consider the intestine as a metabolically active organ, with its activity primarily associated with the production of numerous digestive enzymes. The development of molecular analysis technologies has significantly detailized this picture, primarily by decoding the metabolic potential of the intestinal microbiota. Data from numerous metagenomic studies indicate that the number of eukaryotic and bacterial cells in the human body is comparable - about 3.0×1013, while the number of genes in the intestinal metagenome is one hundred times greater than in the human genome. Obviously, the gut microbiota exhibits both direct and indirect effects on the metabolism of drugs and xenobiotics, that can affect their effectiveness and toxicity. Orally administrated xenobiotics have been found to be metabolized by intestinal microbial enzymes before being absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract into the blood flow. The metabolic reactions performed by the gut microbiota greatly differ from the metabolic reactions of the liver, providing modification of drugs by acetylation, deacetylation, decarboxylation, dehydroxylation, demethylation, dehalogenation, etc. Despite the metabolism of xenobiotics by microbial enzymes of the intestine is rather known, information about the specific microflora mediating each metabolic reaction is still limited, mainly by the lack of an adequate model of the intestinal microbial community to allow the accumulation of experimental data for the creation of computational models. Currently, studies of drug metabolism use microfluidic chips, reproducing functions of various organs and tissues, such as the liver, kidney, lungs and intestine, as in vitro models in the form of 2D and 3D cell cultures. Supplementation of such systems with the microbial community will allow to get as close as possible to in vitro modeling of complicated biological processes in the interests of pharmacological research and the accumulation of data for constructing computational models.В курсе физиологии человека кишечник традиционно рассматривают как метаболически активный орган, деятельность которого связывают в первую очередь с продукцией многочисленных пищеварительных ферментов. Развитие технологий молекулярного анализа позволило существенно детализировать эту картину, в первую очередь за счет расшифровки метаболического потенциала кишечной микробиоты. Данные многочисленных метагеномных исследований свидетельствуют, что количество эукариотических и бактериальных клеток в организме человека сопоставимо – около 3.0х1013, при этом количество генов в метагеноме кишечника в сто раз больше, чем в геноме человека. Очевидно, что микробиота кишечника оказывает как прямое, так и опосредованное влияние на метаболизм лекарственных препаратов и ксенобиотиков, что может сказаться на их эффективности и токсичности. Обнаружено, что ксенобиотики, вводимые перорально, могут метаболизироваться кишечными микробными ферментами еще до всасывания из желудочно-кишечного тракта в кровь. Метаболические реакции, выполняемые микробиотой кишечника, значительно отличаются от метаболических реакций печени, обеспечивая модификацию лекарственных препаратов путем ацетилирования, деацетилирования, декарбоксилирования, дегидроксилирования, деметилирования, дегалогенирования и др. Несмотря на то, что метаболизм ксенобиотиков микробными ферментами кишечника до некоторой степени известен, информация о конкретной микрофлоре, опосредующей каждую метаболическую реакцию, всё ещё ограничена, в первую очередь, отсутствием адекватной модели микробного сообщества кишечника, позволяющей накапливать экспериментальные данные для построения вычислительных моделей. Сегодня в исследовании метаболизма лекарственных средств применяют микрофлюидные чипы, на которых функции различных органов и тканей, таких как печень, почки, легкие и кишечник, воспроизводятся в виде in vitro моделей в форме 2D и 3D клеточных культур. Дополнение таких систем микробным сообществом позволит максимально приблизиться к моделированию in vitro сложных биологических процессов в интересах фармакологических исследований и накопления данных для построения вычислительных моделей

    The processes ee+γγ,Zγ,ZZe^-e^+\to\gamma\gamma, Z \gamma, ZZ in SM and MSSM

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    We present the results of a complete analysis of the one loop electroweak corrections to ee+γγ, Zγ, ZZe^-e^+\to\gamma\gamma, ~Z\gamma, ~ZZ in the Standard (SM) and the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM). A special emphasis is put on the high energy behaviour of the various helicity amplitudes and the way the logarithmic structure is generated. The large magnitude of these effects, which induce striking differences between the SM and MSSM cases at high energies, offers the possibility of making global tests which could check the consistency of these models, and even decide whether any additional new physics is required.Comment: Short version (16 pages and 9 figures) of the paper hep-ph/0207273, to appear in Phy.Rev.D. e-mail: [email protected]

    Radiative Decay of a Long-Lived Particle and Big-Bang Nucleosynthesis

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    The effects of radiatively decaying, long-lived particles on big-bang nucleosynthesis (BBN) are discussed. If high-energy photons are emitted after BBN, they may change the abundances of the light elements through photodissociation processes, which may result in a significant discrepancy between the BBN theory and observation. We calculate the abundances of the light elements, including the effects of photodissociation induced by a radiatively decaying particle, but neglecting the hadronic branching ratio. Using these calculated abundances, we derive a constraint on such particles by comparing our theoretical results with observations. Taking into account the recent controversies regarding the observations of the light-element abundances, we derive constraints for various combinations of the measurements. We also discuss several models which predict such radiatively decaying particles, and we derive constraints on such models.Comment: Published version in Phys. Rev. D. Typos in figure captions correcte

    Industrial electron accelerators type ILU

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    The paper describes ILU type industrial electron accelerators. Their main parameters, design, principle of action, electron beam extraction devices, wide set of auxiliary equipment for various technological processes and ways of their usage are discussed as well.Описаны промышленные ускорители электронов серии ИЛУ. Приведены основные параметры, устройство и принцип действия. Дается краткое описание систем выпуска ускоренного пучка в атмосферу для различных технологических процессов.Описано промислові прискорювачі електронів серії ЫЛП. Наведено основні параметри, будова і принцип дії. Дається короткий опис систем випуску прискореного пучку в атмосферу для різних технологічних процесів

    Partonic flow and ϕ\phi-meson production in Au+Au collisions at sNN\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 200 GeV

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    We present first measurements of the ϕ\phi-meson elliptic flow (v2(pT)v_{2}(p_{T})) and high statistics pTp_{T} distributions for different centralities from sNN\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 200 GeV Au+Au collisions at RHIC. In minimum bias collisions the v2v_{2} of the ϕ\phi meson is consistent with the trend observed for mesons. The ratio of the yields of the Ω\Omega to those of the ϕ\phi as a function of transverse momentum is consistent with a model based on the recombination of thermal ss quarks up to pT4p_{T}\sim 4 GeV/cc, but disagrees at higher momenta. The nuclear modification factor (RCPR_{CP}) of ϕ\phi follows the trend observed in the KS0K^{0}_{S} mesons rather than in Λ\Lambda baryons, supporting baryon-meson scaling. Since ϕ\phi-mesons are made via coalescence of seemingly thermalized ss quarks in central Au+Au collisions, the observations imply hot and dense matter with partonic collectivity has been formed at RHIC.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures, submit to PR

    Plasma Wakefield Acceleration with a Modulated Proton Bunch

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    The plasma wakefield amplitudes which could be achieved via the modulation of a long proton bunch are investigated. We find that in the limit of long bunches compared to the plasma wavelength, the strength of the accelerating fields is directly proportional to the number of particles in the drive bunch and inversely proportional to the square of the transverse bunch size. The scaling laws were tested and verified in detailed simulations using parameters of existing proton accelerators, and large electric fields were achieved, reaching 1 GV/m for LHC bunches. Energy gains for test electrons beyond 6 TeV were found in this case.Comment: 9 pages, 7 figure

    The energy dependence of ptp_t angular correlations inferred from mean-ptp_{t} fluctuation scale dependence in heavy ion collisions at the SPS and RHIC

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    We present the first study of the energy dependence of ptp_t angular correlations inferred from event-wise mean transverse momentum fluctuations in heavy ion collisions. We compare our large-acceptance measurements at CM energies $\sqrt{s_{NN}} =$ 19.6, 62.4, 130 and 200 GeV to SPS measurements at 12.3 and 17.3 GeV. $p_t$ angular correlation structure suggests that the principal source of $p_t$ correlations and fluctuations is minijets (minimum-bias parton fragments). We observe a dramatic increase in correlations and fluctuations from SPS to RHIC energies, increasing linearly with $\ln \sqrt{s_{NN}}$ from the onset of observable jet-related fluctuations near 10 GeV.Comment: 10 pages, 4 figure

    Measurement of Transverse Single-Spin Asymmetries for Di-Jet Production in Proton-Proton Collisions at s=200\sqrt{s} = 200 GeV

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    We report the first measurement of the opening angle distribution between pairs of jets produced in high-energy collisions of transversely polarized protons. The measurement probes (Sivers) correlations between the transverse spin orientation of a proton and the transverse momentum directions of its partons. With both beams polarized, the wide pseudorapidity (1η+2-1 \leq \eta \leq +2) coverage for jets permits separation of Sivers functions for the valence and sea regions. The resulting asymmetries are all consistent with zero and considerably smaller than Sivers effects observed in semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering (SIDIS). We discuss theoretical attempts to reconcile the new results with the sizable transverse spin effects seen in SIDIS and forward hadron production in pp collisions.Comment: 6 pages total, 1 Latex file, 3 PS files with figure

    Work status of 5 MeV 300 kW electron accelerator

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    Design work has been completed for the accelerating structure of high-power electron accelerator with 5 MeV, 300 kW, 176 MHz parameters. The structure is being produced in BINP workshop. The paper presents the design of the accelerating structure which consists of a chain of coaxial cavities, and block diagram of experimental workbench. Structure of the main accelerator blocks and their degree of fabrication are viewed.Закончены проектные работы по ускоряющей структуре мощного электронного ускорителя 5 МэВ, 300 кВт, 176 МГц и ведется ее изготовление в опытном производстве Института. Дается описание конструкции ускоряющей структуры, состоящей из цепочки связанных коаксиальных резонаторов. Приводится блок-схема испытательного стенда, рассматривается устройство отдельных узлов ускорителя и состояние их готовности.Закінчено проектні роботи із прискорювальної структури потужного електронного прискорювача 5 МеВ, 300 кВт, 176 МГц і ведеться її виготовлення в дослідному виробництві інституту. Дається опис конструкції прискорювальної структури, що складається з ланцюжка зв'язаних коаксіальних резонаторів. Приводиться блок-схема іспитового стенда, розглядається будова окремих вузлів прискорювача і стан їх готовності
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